The Earth

1. Generally, nimbus layers atomic reckon 18 sweltering if they contain gases that absorb some of the lively that penetrates to that depth. Transp bent layers are cool. The temperature of a layer is generally found by the balance between ingress of solar shaft ( heating planting) and the emission of ray syndrome (cooling). A planet reaches a temperature at which there is a balance between absorption of solar radiation and the emission of infrared radiation by the planets surface.The material in the atmosphere, which absorbs solar radiation most actively in ozone. Ozone absorbs electromagnetic waves in the ultra-violet wave aloofness stage set. It mainly resides in the stratosphere. Nevertheless, emission and absorption of rambling radiation occur at any trains, and the amounts are larger as temperature is high. Absorption of solar radiation, on the other hand, is mostly limited to the ozone layer. Therefore, resulting equilibrium temperature is high in the ozone layer and low elsewhere.The part of solar radiation that transmit through and through the ozone layer, though somewhat absorbed in atmospherical constituents and clouds, mostly arrives at the surface (of sea and land) and is absorbed there. In the troposphere, the atmosphere tend to lose sinew by radiation alone, but it is stipendiary by the sinew transfer from the surface by means of just motion of gentle wind (i.e. by convection), and relatively high temperature is maintained. The vertical scattering of temperature in the troposphere is essentially determined as the result of convection.The atmosphere emits telluric radiation downward as well as upward. Therefore, terrestrial radiation from the atmosphere arrives at the surface in addition to solar radiation transmitted through the atmosphere. The atmosphere, containing weewee vapor and carbon dioxide, excessively absorbs a large part of terrestrial radiation emitted by the surface. The surface nervous strain temperature in re ality (approximately 287 K) is signifi shagtly higher than the temperature of the radiation emitted by the universe to space (255 K), because of the effect of the atmosphere absorbing and re-emitting terrestrial radiation. Stratospheric cooling and tropospheric warming are intimately connected, not wholly through radiative processes, but also through dynamical processes, such as the formation, propagation and absorption of planetary waves. At present not all causes of the observed stratospheric cooling are completely understood.2. The Earths rotational bloc is inclined 23.5 degrees from the sane style to the plane of the Earths orbit. The orientation of the Earths bloc relative to the fair weather and its rays changes continuously as our planet speeds along its orbital path. Twice a year the Earths axis is positioned perpendicular to the Suns rays, when all places on Earth except the poles bugger off equal periods of twenty-four hour period and darkness. These times are th e equinoxes, the first daytimes of echo and resignation, and they occur on or about March 21 and phratry 23, admirationively. The Earths rotational axis is positioned at the greatest careen from its perpendicular equinox orientation to the Suns rays on the solstices on or about June 21 and December 21.As the Earth orbits the Sun, the inclined axis causes the Northern Hemisphere to tilt towards the Sun for half(prenominal) of the year, i.e. the spring and spend seasons in North America. During this time, more than half of the Northern Hemisphere is in sunlight at any instant of time. During the other half of the year, i.e. the fall and winter seasons in North America, the axis tilts away and less than half of the Northern Hemisphere is in sunlight. The tilting of the Southern Hemisphere relative to the Suns rays progresses in opposite fashion, reversing its seasons relative to those in the Northern Hemisphere. The changing orientation of the Earths axis to the Suns rays det ermines the length of daylight and the path of the Sun as it passes through the sky at any location on Earth. The continuous change in the angular relationship between the Earths axis and the Suns rays causes the daily length of daylight to vary throughout the year everyplace on Earth except at the equator.At the equator the daily period of daylight is the resembling day after day. The changing path of the Sun through the sky produces oer the year a cyclical variation in the amounts of solar radiation received that divulge maximum near the equinoxes and nominal near the solstices. The relatively little variation in the amounts of solar expertness received over the year produces seasons quite different from those experienced at higher latitudes. Away from the tropics, the variations in the amounts of solar radiation received over the year profit as latitude increases. The amounts of sunlight received exhibit one minimum and one maximum in their annual swings. The poles sustai n the greatest range since the Sun is in their skies continuously for six months and and so below the horizon for the other half year.All seasonal changes are determined by changes in the amount of the Suns energy grasp the Earths surface (i.e., the amount of insolation). For example, more energy leads to higher temperatures, which results in more evaporation, which produces more rain, which starts plants growing. This sequence describes spring at mid-latitudes. Since plain light is the main form of solar energy reaching Earth, day length is a reasonably accurate way to gauge the level of insolation and has long been used as a way to picture when one season stops and the next one starts.3. Temperature is a number that is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. If temperature is measured in Kelvin degrees, then this number is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules. Heat is a measurement of the total energy in a substa nce. That total energy is made up of not only of the kinetic energies of the molecules of the substance, but total energy is also made up of the potential energies of the molecules. So, temperature is not energy. It is, though, a number that relates to one type of energy possessed by the molecules of a substance.Because adding heat energy usually results in a temperature rise, people often confuse heat and temperature. In super acid speech, the two terms mean the same I bequeath heat it means I impart add heat I will warm it up means I will increase the temperature. No one usually twainers to distinguish between these. Adding heat, however, does not always increase the temperature. For instance, when water is boiling, adding heat does not increase its temperature. This happens at the boiling temperature of every substance that can vaporize. At the boiling temperature, adding heat energy interchanges the runniness into a gas without raising the temperature.When energy is added to a liquid at the boiling temperature, its converts the liquid into a gas at the same temperature. In this case, the energy added to the liquid goes into breaking the bonds between the liquid molecules without causing the temperature to change. The same thing happens when a solid changes into liquid. For instance, ice and water can exist together at the melting temperature. Adding heat to ice-water slush will convert some of the ice to water without changing the temperature. In general, whenever there is a change of state, such as the solid-liquid or the liquid-gas transition, heat energy can be added without a temperature change. The change of state requires energy so added energy goes into that instead of increasing the temperature.The Celsius scale has been calibrated to the physical properties of pure water. It illustrates the logical implication of water as physical matter in all forms. The normal freezing point of water was set as 0 C and the normal boiling point of water w as set at one hundred C.4. I have picked following atmospheric optical effects to leaven and describe.Mirages are optical phenomena produced by refraction of light rays through air layers with large temperature gradients. An inferior mirage (i.e. it appears below its actual position) occurs when the temperature initially decreases rapidly with upper side. clear rays from the sky moving through the layers will be refracted upward in the less dense air (i.e. bent toward the denser air) giving the appearance of a layer of water. When fitn from the ground or water a superior mirage (i.e. it appears to a higher place its actual position) occurs when there is a pronounced inversion near the surface, and usually over the sea or a large body of water. A distant object within the inversion layer, even something below the horizon, will appear in the sky above its actual position by chance totally big top down or the upper portion upside down, but certainly distorted and wavering.A r ainbow is the atmospheric optical phenomenon observed by solar lights being reflected and refracted by the round water drops floating in the air. Because the refraction angle varies in the wavelength of the light, rainbow seems divided into septette colors from inside blue to outer red. The observer will see this concentration of reflected light rays as an intensified colored light band. This band consists of the first reflection rays from all the raindrops which lie on the surface of a cone, subtended at the observers eye, with an angular radius of 42 from an axis line pull from the sun (directly behind the observer) through the observers strait and panoptic down-sun to the antisolar point i.e. below the horizon where the shadow of the observers head might be.The Parhelia. When ice crystals are distributed on some condition in the sky, we can observe the lumps of light like the two suns in both sides of real sun. In case that ice crystals are distributing at random, the refract ed light of 22 degrees by the solar light forms the 22 degrees corona. entirely when crystal distributed being their bottom plate paralleling to the ground is superior, only refracted solar light on the right and left of the sun 22 degrees unconnected reaches observer. These refracted lights are detected as the Parhelia. It sometimes seems that some colors are separated like a rainbow.Circumzenithal arc. Refraction through the edges of plate crystals with most horizontal bases may produce a circumzenithal arc which is part of a circle, possibly one third, centered directly above the observers head and above the sun, just outside the 46 halo position. The halo may also be visible. The circumzenithal arc cannot occur when the suns elevation exceeds 32.Wave clouds. When air is lofted over a mountain range, it cools, saturates and condenses a windward-side cloud. The air surmounting the summit is just about at saturation, sometimes with respect to ice and at other times with respect to water, depending on the temperature and the height of the mountain barrier. Forcing air up over the overlying atmosphere causes a spring-like rebound and so the air stream downwind from the mountain barrier often undergoes an undulatory wave-like motion. At the crest of such waves, the airmass is supersaturated and a wave-cloud condenses out.