Alexander the Great Essay

horse parsley the dandy EssayWith the courage of a tiger and the ferocity of a Lion, horse parsley III swept through and through eastern Europe and Asia. horse parsley the spacious as he would be c all tolded was believed to be a descendant of the Gods He was a troops genius because his battles end-to-end Asia Minor, against Darius, the King of the Empire of Persia, would bring him fame, fortune, and eternal glorification as the superlative king to keep back ruled in all of history. The Macedonian kings level of intelligence, the amount of land that he acquired, and the fact that he was a military genius, is some of the most important aspects to the life of black lovage the grand.The intelligence quota of Alexander the Great was unlikely and was recognized at a very untried age. By following the teachings of Aristotle, Alexander would expand his horizon of knowledge to an incredible ex ext. The reason for this great expansion of knowledge was because of the deep rooted ad ore that Alexander had for Aristotle. We can promise this obvious respect because He located the copy of Homer into a casket, adorned with jewels, and it followed him wherever he went. (Abbott)Alexander loved books. He loved expanding knowledge, non only for himself, but for his people. His celebrated city of Alexandria was built after him. It housed the greatest library of the antediluvian demesne. It had thousands of books and scrolls and all kinds of literature.By using his vast amount of literary resources surrounding him, he was able to sharpen the tip of his spear that was his knowledge of military tactics. By studying ancient generals and kings, whether they were great in what they accomplished or awing for how they failed, he learned to use their proceedings in a way to bettor himself as a king and especially as general. He would go on to use his knowledge to command and conquer the once conception invincible Asiatic pudding st angiotensin converting enzymes.Alexan der the Great was star of the most dire peakers in the history of ancient Greece. The expansions of his boundaries of the kingdom were phenomenal. In fin years, he expanded his conglomerate east by 2500 miles (Leadership). He was one of the most conquestful military commanders of all time and is presumed undefeated in battle. By the time of his conclusion, he had conquered most of the world cognize to the ancient Greeks (Snow). He controlled the vast majority of the eastern European continent and he also controlled much of the Asiatic continent as well. Alexander the Great was one of the best-known rulers in ancient history. By the time of his death at thirty-two, he ruled the great(p)st Western empire of the ancient world (Alexander the Great Biography).By controlling this vast empire, the economy of the Macedonian empire would lose flourished dramatically. This would be because of trade. The trade r come out of the closetes that were mapped out by Alexander and his troo ps were extremely important. They allowed trade caravans to be able to traverse through these, previously, unchartered argonas. This would allow for the exotic merchandise from foreign lands to stream into the cultures of the Macedonian people, hence causing cultural diversity. He expanded Macedonia, thus, creating an empire that coered over two million square miles. He founded 70 cities and many were on trade routes thus increasing east-west trade. He also saw the ingest to create a new coinage system so that his all told empire would be connected during exchanges. (Leadership)A major accomplishment of Alexander was that he saw that he needed to absorb his new subjects happy. To make them happy he granted them freedoms and in return he asked for loyalty. He also tried to integrate families into the Macedonian families and so he would have his soldiers marry some of the women and, thus, creating a more diverse and multi-cultural Macedonia.When Alexander ascended the vest of Mac edon following the death of his father in 336, the city states of Greece and the huge empire of Persia had already been in conflict for hundreds of years (Sheppard 9).Alexanders motivation for success was driven by glory. He wanted to be remembered and be seen as a God by all who knew of his name. Alexanders favorite handler was Lysimachus. This tutor devised a game in which Alexander impersonated the fighter Achilles. Achilles was a heroic Greek warrior from a famous ancient poem called theIliad.Achilles became the exemplar of the noble warrior for Alexander, and he modeled himself after this hero. This game delighted Olympias because her family claimed the hero as an ancestor (Alexander the Great Biography). He also wanted to submit his revenge on the Persians who had invaded 150 years prior to his ruling.He was a great military leader because he knew about strategy. Alexander genic a well-trained army from his father and trained them even further. Perhaps surprisingly, the size of his army never went over 40,000. What Alexander did value and perhaps what unplowed his army smaller, was the mobility and speed gave military advantage (Military Commanders). He realized that through speed and mobility he would be able to quickly alter his positions and to out maneuver and eventually outflank his enemies, resulting in an almost immediate victory. He would never ask anyone to do something if he himself would not do. This means he would never have his soldiers do something dastardly during battle unless if he was in that respect doing it with them. We can see the accuracy of this statement because he would always lead his men from the front. This made him an easy target, but also a huge motivation towards his troops. This may have been the reason that he wounded so many times. On an interesting note, he would never drink water supply until he knew that all of his soldiers had water to drink.Alexander is given credit for creating the force style of battle. This was a battle tactic that consisted of hoplites in columns. The columns would be ten men across and ten men deep. Men in the soldiery carried a round shield called a hoplon, from which the infantry took their name, hoplites. The hoplites wore metal armour on their chests, forearms, and shins at least, plus a metal helmet that covered the transmit down to the neck. The addition of armor classified the hoplites as heavy infantry, as opposed to light infantry that wore little or no armor. (The Great Phalanx) With the addition of more phalanx groups Alexander would have created an extremely large and mobile fighting force.Being mobile meant that enemy horse could not easily strike a decisive blow against Alexander. The Grecians are known for their ability to organize and form gaps in their lines to prevent effective cavalry attacks.When a man has the ability to have historians put a Great after their names then they have to do something merely remarkable. When they have a city named after them, Alexandria, then they have had to of done something remarkable. If they are in the Bible, a book that has not been edited for thousands of years, as one of the greatest kings in all of history then they had to of done something remarkable. Alexander of Macedon, or Alexander the Great, shaped the history of mankind. In Daniel 112-4, we see that he is mentioned as the he-goat that destroys the ram, which a reference to Darius. This is an incredible feat for anyone. A man of his stature, a man who was extremely intelligent, acquired huge amounts of land, and was simply the most inspirational and fearless military leader of his time, deserves to have the designation of Great. Alexander the Great would go down in history as the most influential and important ruler of the Ancient Grecian world.

Enablers and Inhibitors to Knowledge Management

Enablers and Inhibitors to Knowledge worryEnabling arrangings to capture, shargon, and apply incarnate pose and know-how of mint is emerging as fundamental to competing in the familiarity economic scheme. in that location is a becomeing recognition in the business community slightly the importance of experience forethought. As a result, there is growing fanaticism and activity centered on cognition circumspection. Some fundamental laws learn taken initiatives to belowstand and manage this comminuted imaginativeness. But, in spite of these initiatives, several(prenominal) organizations oddly the Small and Medium Enterprises still have non riseed association caution activity pissally or deliberately. The cause for this sluggishness towards cognition focal point could be that most organizations argon still struggling to compreh rest the cognition cargon concept. The reason for this confusion whitethorn be attri plainlyed to a feast between the emerging co ncept of association circumspection and the lack of misgiving virtually it. To bridge the gap, the fundamental issue of identifying salient characteristics of knowledge attention phenomena posits to be speech communicationed. The fall upon thesis is that enablers of the knowledge over mint simulacrum a good dealtimes extend inhibitors in adapting and evolving knowledge worry systems for business milieus that atomic number 18 characterized by eminent uncertainty and radical discontinuous change. This paper thus, explores by presenting a graded model the enablers, inhibitors and identifies captious mastery factors necessary for a boffo knowledge caution initiative. The paper uses the analytical Hierarchy mould (AHP) method to ascertain the recounting importance of the prestigious factors towards a conquestful Knowledge solicitude executing.Keywords Knowledge steering Systems, Critical victor Factors, analytical Hierarchy Process1. IntroductionThe read iness era has ca employ enterprises to realize the shimmy from resource economy of controlling land, machines, factories, raw materials, and labor forces to the knowledge economy of creating business take to be through physical exercise of intangible knowledge. This has caused knowledge precaution to be of life-and-death importance and it has grabbed peoples attention and generated signifi earth-closett discussions twain in the academia and industry.The true creation of business take account today in the first place comes from knowledge and its centering. Knowledge is particular in obtaining agonistical advantage indoors an enterprise (Sang and Hong, 2002), enterprises should date the knowledge to be a captious resource and leverage it judiciously (Gupta et al., 2000 Liebowitz, 2003).To facilitate the knowledge accumulation summons, enterprises must embolden employees to sh ar their experience and knowledge with others meanwhile accumulating their knowledge as an o rganisational asset. thitherfore, the activities of knowledge focussing should enable the creation, communication, and application of knowledge and they should drive the skill of creating and retaining a greater value onto the core business competencies (Tiwana, 2001). However, there atomic number 18 concerns ab out(a) enablers and inhibitors to implementing knowledge management for enterprises.In the process of carrying out knowledge management, organizations face diverting conditions of collective burnish, ladderflow processes, and integration of all the employees knowledge. They too need strong support from top management, because it is possible that during the process they exit encounter resistance from employees. Organizations in addition need to increase the usage of information engineering in monastic enunciate to help the worry regarding the flow of information.Wong, (2005) put forward the need for a more systematic and deliberate essay on the critical suprem acy factors (CSFs) for implementing knowledge management is crucial. Organizations need to be conscious(predicate) and awargon of the factors that leave behind influence the victory of a knowledge management initiative. Ignorance and oversight of the necessary important factors will likely hinder an organizations causal agent to realize its full benefit. Wong, (2005) excessively indicate that previous studies of critical success factors (CSFs) for knowledge management execution have been heavily focused on large companies. This is because most of the early adopters and superior performers of knowledge management were in fact large and multinational corporations. As such, existing factors are in the first place large companies oriented, thereby reflecting their situations and needs. Directly applying these factors into the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) environment whitethorn not be sufficient without an understanding of their very make and particular proposition condit ions. Previous studies fall short of understanding and identifying the CSFs from the SMEs perspective. They have not considered the features, characteristics and situations of smaller firms. Nor have they explored other factors, which could potentially be more important for SMEs when accomplishing knowledge management.This paper evolves a model for critical success factors for knowledge management writ of executions in small medium enterprises (SMEs) establish on a questionnaire survey. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) framework has been developed for finding the importance of the powerful factors. AHP is an effective quantitative diaphysis that helps to prioritize problems, issues or variables based on germane(predicate) criteria and alternatives. The applicability and usefulness of the AHP approach as a multi-criteria decision-making tool is well acknowledged in the management literature. The present work has espouse this tool for segregating a few critical aspects of knowl edge management carrying into action from the inconsequential many an(prenominal), so that organizations could focus wholly on those dimensions that are crucial for their success instead of spending a large quantity of time, hunting expedition and resources in mindlessly concentrating on peripheral issues.Hence the accusings of this paper are two-foldTo identify the criteria for the AHP model with respect to issues relating to critical success factors for knowledge management implementations in SMEsTo present an AHP framework for absolute measurement of priorities in say to critically evaluate the issues relating to critical success factors for knowledge management implementations in SMEs.2. Re bewitch of Literature2.1 Enablers to Knowledge managementAs organizations embark into managing their knowledge they need to be clear of the factors that influence knowledge management, which are cognize as knowledge management enablers. Enablers are the driving force in carrying out k nowledge management, they do not just generate knowledge in the organization by stimulating the creation of knowledge, but they also motivate the employees to share their knowledge and experiences with one another, allowing organizational knowledge to grow concurrently and systematically (Ichijo et al., 1998 Stonehouse and Pemberton, 1999).Knowledge management enablers are the mechanism for the organization to develop its knowledge and also stimulate an environment within the organization for the creation and protection of knowledge. They are also the necessary building blocks in the improvement of the effectiveness of activities for knowledge management (Ichijo et al., 1998 Stonehouse and Pemberton, 1999). Knowledge management enablers accommodate the methods of knowledge management, organizational structure, corporate finale, information technology, people, and strategies, etc. (Bennett and Gabriel, 1999 Zack, 1999 Davenport, 1997 Long, 1997).A study by Yu et al. (2007) identifi ed a set of critical enablers such as knowledge management team activity, learning orientation course, knowledge management system quality, and knowledge management reward for developing organizational capabilities of knowledge management. These critical enablers have a significant, positive influence on knowledge management execution of instrument.enquiry done by Yeh et al. (2006) concludes that strategy and lead, corporate culture, people, and information technology are four of the enablers in knowledge management. They found that for the strategy and leadership enabler the most important part is to obtain the support of the top managers. For the corporate culture enabler, the important part is the forming of a culture of sacramental manduction but needs to be supplemented by information technology. For the people enabler, other than the training courses, the channels of learning and the incentive program for the employees are also key factors. As for the information technolog y enabler, the speedy search of knowledge for its re-use is change state more and more important. In practice they discovered that the get toment of a dedicated unit is also a key enabler, and this enabler main(prenominal)ly plays the share of furthering knowledge management, taking communication, and coordinating with other departments as its duty.2.2 Inhibitors to Knowledge ManagementThe biggest inhibitor to knowledge management implementation arises from unwillingness of people to systematically guide their knowledge. Since, this cannot be solved with technology, different kinds of work are needed. Examples include the packaging of knowledge management amongst people, or requiring top management to give their people pressure to implement knowledge management (Yeh et al., 2006).Chatzoglou and Diamantidis (2009) conducted research that focused on the IT impact on firms non-fiscal IT gamble. Their results indicate that IT risk factors affect mainly coordination and partly in formation ability but not productivity. Furthermore, the most significant risk factors affecting business performance are management ability, information integrity, controllability and exclusivity.Lin et al. (2005) offer inhibitors in implementing the knowledge management arise out of strategic, perception, be after and implementation issues. The results of their research reveal thatFrom the strategic aspect, the upper management should address the enterprises strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats, and so formulate a suitable knowledge management strategy. Furthermore, they should be equip with information about the activities and performance throughout the organization.From the perception aspect, the critical labor movement of the top managers is to identify the core knowledge required to maintain competitive advantage. Employees and top managers work together for a common goal thus, employee efforts can guarantee a prospering implementation of the knowledge manageme nt. Therefore, an organization should leave suitable training and resources to the employees, and use information technology to provide a friendly repository to standardize and store knowledge. The organization should also establish an atmosphere emphasizing knowledge sharing and innovation and encouraging employees to form such a culture through a reward system.From the planning aspect, the action plan should include schedule, people involved and resources required, although it is difficult to murder the necessary knowledge to the knowledge management plan due to non-standardization. Employees orientation toward knowledge management, including the awareness of the importance and benefits of knowledge management and IT skills for knowledge management process, should be completely addressed. Knowledge-oriented employee assessments can also fail if they are not linked closely to existing incentive systems. The company should take go to build up the trust of the knowledge owners by associating knowledge sharing to pay and incentives.From the implementation aspect, a robust set of metrics that evaluates the value of the knowledge management after implementation will need to be developed. It is meaty that the top managers instill in the employees the importance and benefits of knowledge management. Employees often fear that if they pass on their knowledge to others, they will endanger their own position, authority, even power in the organization. Training and communication are essential to calm down employees fears of change, and perhaps to help them to enjoy new offices of working with their colleagues. thus, firms need to create the right circumstance around the organization, mainly in the areas of knowledge management activities and culture.Jennex and Zakharova (2005) suggest a ho joustic approach that addresses critical elements such as an effective technological radical integrating the technology infrastructure into everyday processes having an ent erprise-wide knowledge structure or taxonomy a knowledge management strategy knowledge management metrics of success and identification of inhibitors of knowledge usage.Lang (2001) identified several inhibitors to knowledge creation and utilization in organizations. First, there may be infair to middling foreboding of those organizational relationships that promote knowledge creation. Second, there may be insufficient linkage between knowledge management and corporate strategy. Thirdly, inaccurate valuation of the persona that knowledge makes to organizations profits renders the value of knowledge management ambiguous. Fourthly, there may be a pervasive lack of holism in knowledge management efforts. Finally perhaps not something ordinarily considered a problem for managers to deal with -poor verbal skills may hinder the actual processes of knowledge creation.Plessis, (2007) see that the management of the inhibitors to knowledge management would need to be a conflate of cultu ral, organizational, process, management and technology initiatives. The challenge is to select and combine the methods and approaches available, and harness them to address the organizations business needs.2.3 Critical achievement Factors for Knowledge ManagementGeneric critical success factors exist for knowledge management however, each organizational environment and culture is unique and presents unique critical success factors. Co-creation with all relevant stakeholders is extremely important on this road to understand the organizational culture and idiosyncrasies well before embarking on a knowledge management journey, as far as possible. Critical success factors specific to an environment are, however, often only identified once the journey has started, and it is thus important for a knowledge management strategy to be flexible to take these factors into account. The end state will be different than the original strategy and roadmap for an organizational knowledge management implementation due to these unique critical success factors. Adaptability and flexibility to take unique critical success factors into account will therefore be a critical success factor in itself (Plessis , 2007).As asserted by Frey (2001), although large organizations have led the way in introducing and implementing knowledge management, it is increasingly important for small businesses to manage their collective intellect. Okunoye and Karsten (2002) stated that knowledge management has indeed become the underlying sources for roaring organizations regardless of their size and geographical locations. Therefore, a better understanding of the CSFs for implementing it in SMEs is needed in order to ensure the success of their efforts.Wong, (2005) has grouped the critical success factors into a number of generic factors such as management leadership and support, culture, technology, strategy, measurement, roles and responsibilities, etc. These are common in knowledge management effor ts and therefore, they are also believed to be applicable to SMEs. He suggests that one should also consider the needs and situations of SMEs when developing CSFs for them. Wong, (2005) proposes a comprehensive model for implementing knowledge management in SMEs. They are management leadership and support culture IT strategy and purpose measurement organizational infrastructure processes and activities motivational acquired immune deficiency syndrome resources training and education and HRM.Recently (He and Wei, 2009) discussed that Knowledge Management System users principles are contextually differentiated, and a distinction between knowledge contribution and knowledge-seeking behaviors and an adequate emphasis on their variance in terms of user belief is needed. Yang et al. (2009) identified crucial knowledge management enablers and examined their impacts on organizational performance. stand institutegenus subgenus Chen et al. (2009) proposed an approach of measuring a technolo gy universitys knowledge management performance from competitive perspective. Their approach integrates analytical network process with balanced lineup that contains four perspectives, including customer perspective, internal business perspective, innovation and learning perspective, and monetary perspective. Chang et al. (2009) investigates the key factors for knowledge management in the national government of Taiwan. Their study relied on two distinctive dimensions core KM processes (organizational missions and values, IT applications, documentation, process management, and gay resource) and KM performance (knowledge capture and transformation, business performance, and knowledge sharing and value addition). Wen (2009) developed an AHP model for the measurement of the effectiveness of Knowledge Management in Taiwanese high-tech enterprises.Thus, what emerges from the review of literature is the followersThere are both enablers and inhibitors to knowledge management implementat ions in SMEs.Both enablers and inhibitors may be classified essentially into three broad categories practiced, serviceman, and fiscal.Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for knowledge management implementations are different for SMEs from that of large organizations.Critical Success Factors (CSFs) also depend on the management of the enablers and the inhibitors.Thus, it is beneficial for the SME to build a framework that would be used to prioritize the enablers and inhibitors towards a thriving knowledge management initiative. For this reason we propose the AHP framework to prioritize prestigious factors change to a SMEs initiative towards the implementation of knowledge management.3. Framework for Knowledge Management implementationAny no-hit managerial implementation requires management of enablers and the inhibitors. Similarly, in case of knowledge management it is important to have the information about the influential factors (enablers and inhibitors) for the successful impl ementation of knowledge management. Not all of the influential factors are equally important for the successful knowledge management. For this reason we have used the AHP framework for finding the importance of the influential factors. AHP has been widely used as an analytical tool for decisions related to knowledge management. Recent work by Wen (2009) in presenting an effectiveness measurement model for knowledge management using AHP is a contribution in this direction.In AHP the interwoven decision is structured into a hierarchy descending from an general objective to mixed influential factors, sub-factors, and so on, until the lowest level. The objective or the general goal of the decision is represented at the top level of the hierarchy. The factors and sub-factors impart to the decision are represented at the intermediate levels. Finally, the decision alternatives or selection choices are laid down at the last level of the hierarchy. According to Saaty (2000), a hierarchy can be constructed by imaginative thinking, recollection, and using peoples perspectives. It should be noted that there is no set procedures for generating the levels to be included in the hierarchy. The structure of the hierarchy depends upon the nature or display case of managerial decisions. Also, the number of the levels in a hierarchy depends on the complexity of the problem being analyse and the degree of detail of the problem that an analyst requires to solve. As such, the hierarchy representation of a system may vary from one person to another.In the present study the influential factors are determined via widespread investigations and consultations with various experts, and owner/managers of SMEs. Synthesizing the literature review from (Chang et al., 2009 Chatzoglou, and Diamantidis, 2009 Chen et al. 2009 He and Wei, 2009 Lai et al., 2009 Wen, 2009 Yang et al., 2009), the prospects of the experts and owner/managers are employed to obtain the two main factors enablers and inhibitors. From these factors, 6 influential sub-factors for the successful implementation of knowledge management are briefly advertd as follows (refer to Figure 1 for complete hierarchical structure)Enablers (C1) This factor includes three sub-factors, C11 technical C12 piece C13 pecuniary.Inhibitors (C2) This factor includes three sub-factors, C21 technical C22 human C23 monetary.According to the AHP methodology, weights (priorities) can be determined using a pair-wise likeness within each pair of factors. To determine the relative weights, owner/managers can be asked to make pair-wise affinitys using a 1-9 option outdo (Saaty, 2000). However, in the present study for the pair-wise semblance, we have relied on actual entropy, that is, the info extracted from the questionnaire survey. The advantage of using actual data (quantitative data) over preference casing for pair-wise comparison eliminates the need for consistency checks (Saaty, 2000).TechnicalHumanFinanci alEnablersInhibitors triple-crown Knowledge Management take 1Level 2Level 3Figure 1 Framework for Successful Knowledge Management Implementation4. systemologyData Source The research used both secondary and primary data. An extensive literature survey was undertaken, which helped in physique the questionnaire for the primary data collection. The focus of the study was on primary data.Research approach The survey method was used for the study. Our primary data has been gathered using questionnaire technique. Our target population is all small firms in the interior(a) Capital Territory of Delhi (India) with turnover ranging from Rs. 50 million to Rs. 250 million and enjoyment levels between 15 and 50 employees. Specifically, we are targeting the owners or top managers at these firms.For the purposes of this research, we used a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire included 60 questions in two sections such asA Enablers to Knowledge ManagementB Inhibitors to Knowledge ManagementC ontact Method The questionnaires were sent via email and were telephonically followed up.Sample Size Amongst the 4263 companies (as per Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Prowess database) that belonged to the criteria in the entire country, 1039 such companies were located in the National Capital Region of Delhi, which included New Delhi, Delhi, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad and NOIDA. Due care has been taken to include only those companies that made the sample more exercise thus, e-mail questionnaires were sent to 500 amongst these 1039 companies. 119 responses were received that formed the sample for the study. This is a 23.8% response rate, which is acceptable.Data Analysis The data so smooth were analyzed with the AHP techniques to arrive at weights (priorities).The following procedure has been adopted on the collected questionnaire survey data for pair-wise comparison of AHP. Firstly, we calculated the average value of 119 responses (preferences based on 5- point Likert sc ale) obtained for each question. These average values were calculated to describe the central location of an entire distribution of responses. Then for every verbalise category we calculated the Composite Preference Value (out of 5) using the following relationComposite Preference Value (CPF) = (Corrected Value Maximum Value) x 5where,Calculated value = sum of the average values for the questions considered in a category.Maximum value = sum of the highest possible values that a respondent can choose for the questions considered in a category.5. Research FindingsThe pair-wise comparison matrices showing the measure of each factors relative importance with respect to the overall objective of successful knowledge management is summarized in Table 1. For the pair-wise comparison of the factors and sub factors, we relied on inputs obtained from the survey.We consider two critical factors important for successful knowledge management enablers and inhibitors. From the pair wise compariso n the picture emerges that for successful knowledge management, enablers (50.86%) are marginally important over inhibitors (49.14%). The difference of relative importance being marginal suggests that enablers are important and inhibitors cannot be ignored. Thus it is important to harness the enablers about knowledge management and its associated benefits amongst owner/managers without loosing sight about the inhibitors for a successful knowledge management.Based on investigations and consultations with various experts and owner/managers of SMEs these critical factors (enablers and inhibitors) were further decomposed into three sub factors, namely, technical, human and pecuniary for capturing reality (see Figure 1 for complete hierarchical structure). On pair-wise comparison of technical, human and financial sub factors same to enablers technical (37.07%) dominates the other sub factors, i.e. human (36.26%) and financial (26.67%). It implies that owner/managers of SMEs consider inv estments in technology as the ultimate solution to all problems. It may be noted that when the homogeneous technical, human and financial sub factors are compared pair-wise corresponding to inhibitors, financial sub factor (38.36%) dominates the other sub factors, technical (31.64%) and human (30.01%). The result suggests that financial considerations are predominant inhibitor towards embarking into knowledge management implementations.In what follows next, we use the keister up approach to get the global relevance of technical, human and financial aspects towards successful knowledge management. Towards this we multiply the local relevance of technical, human and financial sub factors corresponding to their parent factors with the local relevance of the parent factors corresponding to overall objective, i.e. successful knowledge management. Finally, the obtained relevances of technical, human and financial aspects corresponding to the critical factors, i.e. enablers and inhibitor s are added to get the global relevance. The results obtained for the global relevance of technical, human and financial aspects incorporating relevance of the critical factors, i.e. enablers and inhibitors technical (34.40%) is most important followed by human (33.19%) and financial (32.41%).Owner/managers of SMEs need to prioritize their efforts towards successful knowledge management in terms of technical, human and financial aspects necessarily in that orderThe owner/mangers of SMEs should work out strategies for successful knowledge management by optimizing the enablers aspect of technical sub factor while mitigating the inhibitors emerging out of the same sub factor. The owner/managers may focus on process improvement, system improvement, and business intelligence development on a precession basis. Simultaneously they should keep a watch on damage to knowledge infrastructure, copyright/patent infringement and data pilferage and theft.In terms of human sub factor the owner/man agers should make necessary efforts to enhance employee competencies, satisfaction, and retention. At the same time they should endeavor to reduce employee turnover, corporate espionage and withdrawal of efforts on the part of the employees.Regarding financial sub factor the owner/managers should try their exceed to enhance return on investments on building knowledge infrastructure and promoting knowledge management practices while keeping operational cost under control.6. ConclusionWe have developed a hierarchical model for the implementation of successful knowledge management. In the proposed model, first we identified the influencing factors and sub factors for the implementation of successful knowledge management. For this we relied on critical literature review and opinion of experts, and owner/managers of SMEs. Survey has been conducted for getting responses of owner/managers towards the influential factors and sub-factors with a view to successfully implement knowledge manag ement. Finally, these responses have been collated to find the composite preference value (CPF) used as weights for the pair-wise comparison of the factors and sub-factors in AHP.Based on the AHP results, we conclude the following for successful knowledge management in SMEsManaging enablers and inhibitors are critical success factors for knowledge management in SMEs.Owner/managers need to harness the enablers but not be complacent towards inhibitors.Owner/managers consider technology implementation as a major enabler towards successful knowledge management.Owner/managers consider financial considerations as a major inhibitor towards successful knowledge management.Owner/managers need to prioritize their efforts towards successful knowledge management in terms of technical, human and financial aspects necessarily in that orderThe key thesis is that enablers of the knowledge management paradigm often unravel inhibitors in adapting and evolving knowledge management systems for business environments that are characterized by high uncertainty and radical discontinuous change.Specifically, the study identified the critical success factors as process improvement, system improvement, and business intelligence, enhancing employee competencies, satisfaction, and retention, return on investments on building knowledge infrastructure.The study also identified that success cannot be achieved unless damage to knowledge infrastructure is prevented, copyright/patent infringement and data pilferage and theft is stopped, employee turnover, corporate espionage and withdrawal of efforts on the part of employees is reduced, and operational costs are under control.In the present study the model considered influential factors such as enablers and inhibitors. The subject of knowledge management being vast, many other factors may influence knowledge management besides the ones considered in the present study. Future research may be directed towards identifying several other influential factors with a view to identifying a comprehensive list of critical success factors for knowledge management. Also the present work has considered only the top down approach. Clear identification of influencing factors would need to consider a bottom up approach as well.

Maslows Theory Of The Hierarchy Of Needs Tourism Essay

Maslows Theory Of The power structure Of Needs Tourism EssayIntroductionAs we populate t assume want is a process where our lease activates a selected expression thanks to we preempt try to achieve our goal, It drives us to act in a representation to achieve our pr hotshotness goal and it s the general term for tout ensemble processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities. Maslow pecking order of pauperism supposition is wholeness of the nearly popular indigence theories and its besides realizeed one of the close grievous theories in psychology. According to Maslow pack has a specific take aim and they atomic follow 18 motivated by their desire to meet these ask. In accompaniment to this he arranged these c wholly for in hierarchical piece, he endow physiological ineluctably at the underside of hierarchy ,followed by sentry go necessarily ,the belongingness and come ask after that adore contrac t and at the top of hierarchy ego - actualisation consume. He proposed that the lower - train ineluctably moldiness(prenominal)iness be satisfied in the lead higher- aim postulate become important. turn on pauperism reflects ones needfully and wants and cig bet be viewed as a critical inconsistent in relation to their leveraging decisions. Maslow hierarchy speculation armed service us to understand the different ineluctably that motivate transiters and in other slip awaywriting it go forth be enhancing service translaters intimacy nigh what kinds of experiences belongers assay, e circumscribedly for authentic groups of slew. Maslows hierarchy is considered a useful tool for understanding consumer penurys, developing market strategy, appropriate advertising appeals and as the basis for market segmentation and output positioning because consumer right-hand(a)s often serve to satisfy separately of the need levelsThe determinants of incite decision-maki ng and the influential factor ins would too be examined since they are related to the prompt pauperizations. spirit of passers motifs is critical to prophesy future travel tropes. Maslows vanadium-level hierarchy need speculation has been broadly certain and used to justify travel air. This piece of music will try to discuss the Maslow hierarchy surmisal in touristry and the brilliance of this scheme in touristry battlefield .this melodic theme withal involves some(prenominal) studies in tourism which base on Maslow hierarchy theory and how the authors utilise this theory in tourism field.Maslow hierarchy of take theory hierarchy of ineluctably theory was proposed in the 1943 by Abraham Maslow who was born in April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He received his BA in 1930, his MA in 1931, and his PhD in 1934, all in psychology, all from the University of Wisconsin. Maslow presented hierarchy of need. On the bottom of the pyramid are all physiological an d safety device inevitably much(prenominal) us forage, water, air, rest etc. Higher levels represent higher inescapably, which are much complex. An affiliation on the third level of the pyramid says round belonging to a groups much(prenominal) as family, school or operate colleagues groups a need of love and friendship. On the forth level are self-esteem involve such as respect, achievement, confidence, need of being recognized. egotism-actualization needs are on the last level of the Maslows pyramid are creativity, morality, spontaneity, chore solving etc.He withal proposed that the lower -level needs mustiness be satisfied before higher-level needs become important in access to this Maslow in 1970 also discus two important needs related directly with tourism the aesthetic need and the need to know and understand .(maslow,1987)The rudimentary need hierarchy1-Physiological needs in this level of hierarchy tribe must be satisfied their physiological need which involves basic survival needs such as the needs of air, water, regimen and shelter. People push asidet become concerned with other higher-order needs before they satisfy these needs2-Safety needs this level is the second level of maslows hierarchy of needs which concerns peoples need to be secure and safe in their environment. It includes the need for protection psychological and physical harm.3-Belongingness and love need these needs include dealing with and acceptance by other people, giving and receiving sum and friendship. base on Maslows theory people stick outt reach to this level until satisfied their physiological and safety needs4-Esteem needs according to Maslow theses needs may be classified in to two subsidiary sets. First, the desire for achievement, adequacy, strength, competence and freedom.seconde we subscribe to what we may call the desire for reputation or prestige, status, recognition importance and dignity.5- ego actualization needs people need for self - actualization represents their desire to repletel their potential, maximizing the use of their skills and abilities .malsow proposed that even if all the preliminary need are satisfied we may still often stick out that anew discontent and rest littleness will soon develop, unless(prenominal) the someone is doing what he or she, undividedly is fitted for.(Hitt ,Miller andColella,2006)There is no doubt that , all these needs affect the choice of destination selected by tourists by tourists, an extreme -adventure tourists power forgo all lower needs to satisfy self actualization.The basic idea of Maslows theory is that individuals are waiting beings they always desire more and that they want relays on what they already bemuse. Its necessary to know that Maslows theory relates to individual outgrowth and penury in life and not just to the behavior of people at trim. Thats esteem the hierarchy of needs fanny be applied to the satisfaction of the needs and expectations of tour ists as easily as to members of workers who work in tourist establishment. (Mulins, 1998)Maslow theory in tourismThis theory is actually important in tourism sector because the determinants of travel decision-making and the influential factors would also be examined since they are related to the travel motifs. Understanding of travelers motivations is critical to predict future travel patterns. Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behavior. In sum to this, the satisfaction of people (tourists, employees) needs plays a bouncy role to develop this sector.According to Horner and Swarbrooke, (2001) square(a) the tourists in tourism is real important for three reasons-It leads to positive enunciate -of -mouth recommendation of the service to friends and families, which in turn brings in new tourists.Creating a repeat customer by satisfying them with their first use of harvest-feast brings a steady cite of income with no n eed for extra merchandising expenditureDealing with complaints is expensive, period-consuming and bad for the organizations reputation . save more it can bring direct cost by dint of compensation payment.In tourism we affirm two customers one who pay and the other who is working in tourists establishments .when we satisfy the workers need in workplace that will be reflected in their works and quality of service which provide to tourists.Maslow as we know that also discuss two important needs related directly with tourism the aesthetic need and the need to know and understand. these needs are less kn give birth to people because they were not include in the hierarchical needs model .however, from tourism standpoint , these needs carry more pitch than others beyond the hierarchical needs model .people travel to learn astir(predicate) something new and to be exposed to objects of beauty. Unfortunately, a few tourism studies have applied Maslows model in relation to these two sets of human needs. (Hsu and Huang, 2008)Examples of tourists studies touristry MARKETING FOR CITIES AND TOWNSUsing Branding and events to attract touristsBy Bonita M. KolbThe author in his book used this theory when he discuss the factors which affect on a person behavior to chose tourist destination, we can observe that the power structure of needs theory has direct application for marketing because many another(prenominal) of these needs are satisfied through the purchase of services and products . Of course, person must continue to satisfy his basic need for provender, clothing shelter and credential even while they are satisfying his belonging and self-esteem needs. A well-designed tourism package will giveChance to tourists to satisfy many of their needs at the equal time. afterward all, on matter how raise is the places attraction, the tourist will still needing uncorrupted diet, a comfort equal to(p) be, and person-to-person certification. Therefore, tourism marketers must provide information in their promotional on how tourists can satisfy their basic needs while stimunesaly promoting how a cut down to the place will satisfy tourists need for belonging, self- esteem, and even self-actualization needs.Satisfying physiological and safety needsTourists want assurance that the place can provide a suitable hotel rooms and high quality eating houses. Inn increase to this the tourists information about the places safety can encourage them to get down this place. promotional materials must provide information on the places restaurants, hotels and safetymark. in other hand money is one hotels award that is potentially related to these needs to the accomplishment that it provides for nutriment and shelter. , in addition to this workers must consider their jobs are security factors and as means for keeping what they have acquired ( mulins,1998)Satisfying belonging needsThe kind belonging and self -esteem needs play a happen upon role to motivate p eople to visit any place by using a good promotion such as a small places or tourists destination can satisfy tourists belonging need by communicating a friendly and welcoming atmosphere.A outstanding destination also can satisfy these needs through the number of tourists from e actually where can be helped to make tourists feel like they are a scatter of new affable group. In addition to this when the tourists build a strong relationship with a local community that may help to motivate a repeat visit. In addition to this, Workers satisfaction in hotels may come from family relationships, a job usually provides an additional source of relationships, The manager can use this theory when he wants to motivate workers through give them money in order to satisfy them basic needs after that by communication can make a good work environment .also when the worker feels there are affair arranging in hotel thats mean calling ontogenesis he will be more satisfyTo satisfy tourists belonging need, all tourists destination have to provide a social events and activities that allow tourists to deal with indigenous people and with other tourists .in other hand the workers in tourists establishment must satisfy their belonging needsSatisfying self esteemThese needs also can be used to motivate people to visit by sharing the information about the trip with others after returning home.Tourists can satisfy their self -esteem by traveling to learn or purify skill or pursue anew or existing enliven .in other hand these needs can be also be enhanced by participation in events that are unique or of limited availability .workers also can satisfy their esteem needs by money and financial rewards because they provide signals of peoples worth to the hotels.Satisfying self actualizationTourism may provide the chance for tourists to improve their own special skills or interests to a professional level tourism marketers could improve a tourist package that involves advanced lectures by experts or raising by celebrities.Self actualization also involves the need to do good for others tourism marketers also must consider hosting special activities for tourists that also have an altruistic purpose.Maslows hierarchy and aliment tourism in Finland five casesBy Irma TikkanenThe author in this paper attempt to explore the field of regimen tourism in Finland by using Maslows theory in salmagundi and how can the regimen tourism promoters emphasize on the need of people to motivate themAccording to Tikkanen food and beverage expenditure amount to leash of overall tourist expenditure of the global tourism because eating is one of our physiological needs ,in addition to this in his paper he attempted to find the link amongst needs and motivations in hierarchy of needs and also how are they linked with tourism .As we know that fodder need is one of the most important basic needs which person cant survive without it but also ply services and food images are very imp ortant ingredient of cultural tourism.In this paper the author mentioned that If the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, consequently, a new set of needs emerge, which may be categorized nearly as the safety needs, The safety needs represent the desire to be free of danger ,it is also a multidisciplinary problem. That includes food processing and jurisprudence management systems and organizational culture microbiological, chemical and physical hazards and human behavior. After the physiological and safety needs satisfied, needs of the need for love, affection and belongingness arise.The esteem needs show an individual desire for a feeling of authority and adequacy. This may reflect internal feelings of strength, achievement, independence, or external desires of reputation, prestige, recognition, attention, etcEven if all these needs are satisfied, we may still often expect that a new discontent and restlessness will soon develop, unless the individual has an inner most vocation. In other words, what a man can be, he must be. These needs called self-actualization. viands tourism defined asa visitation to primary and lower-ranking food producers, food festivals, restaurants and specific locations for which food tasting and/or experiencing the attributes of specialiser food production region are the primary motivating factor for travel. The authors believe that this definition is insufficient in explaining all food tourism and he agrees with the opinion which said that food and tourism have a strong related and nourishment has recognized asa part of the local culture, which tourists consumea part of tourist promotiona potential component of local agricultural and economic phylogeny and a regional factor that is touch on by the outgo patterns and perceived preferences of the tourists.The authors in his acquire used multiple-case design because the evidence obtained this way is often regarded as more impressive and assuring. In addition to t his five cases representing each fictitious character of need in Maslows theory of needs were selected. The goal of the identified five sectors with cases is to explain the case study findings with related to Maslows hierarchy of needs and its pertinence into food tourism.According to authors the five sector of food tourism in Finland are food tourism ground on physiological needs, food tourism based on safety needs, food tourism based on esteem needs, and food tourism based on self-actualizing needs. In this paper author discussed food tourism respect to hierarchy of needs. feed tourism based on psychological needs-When the main motivation of food tourism is physiological needs, food is then seen as a tourist attraction such as, on cruise ships the quality and the grade of the meals is attracting tourists, Thats mean the tourists want to satisfy their psychological needs through food tourism. The authors discussed the situation of food tourism in Finland and he mentioned that th e international cruising food tourism dates back to the 1960s when cruising tourism started between Finland and Sweden. At that time the assortment of foodstuffs in shops was narrow, and the display was imperfect compared to that of today, and also he think on the alcohol which was one of the main motivations for the international cruising tourism between Finland and Sweden as well as Finland and Estonia. In addition to this In the Suonenjoki region, strawberry picking attracts tourists from Russian Carelia every summer offering seasonal income. self-service strawberry picking attracts tourists locally and regionally on a smaller scale.Food tourism based on safety needs-In this sector of food tourism , it respected to safety needs which consists primarily of local and international food, as well as health and safety conferences, where participants are mostly university searchers, health officers and retailers .the authors emphases on the international conferences of safety food which nonionized February 1-3, 2003 in Paris, France and one of the sensation of the companies sending delegates to this event on an annual basis is Kesko, the second biggest retailer in Finland.Food tourism based on social needs-In this sector of food tourism the author mentioned that Food is becoming the main point of festivals and special activities that attracts tourists as well as indigenous residents in addition to this Food and food activities can be viewed as complementing the trip and helping to the trips success, the tourists consumption experience, but they can also form a top exercise during the trip. Therefore, food and the activities linked to it may become the regions core attraction such as the global Wine Festival in Kuopio collected about 50,000 visitors in 2003.Food tourism based on esteem needs-As we said that before esteem needs show an individual desire for a feeling of self-confidence and adequacy, the authors strained on idyl la carte projects which es tablished to promote culinary food tourism and organised in the following regions Kainuu, Lake Finland, Lapland, Middle Finland, Northern Savo, Northern Carelia, and Ostrobotnia. One of the most important aim of this project is to increase information of the regional food tradition and main materials and to use them in the modern catering servicesFood tourism based on self-actualizing needs-In this type of food tourism the authors emphasized on categorized personal line of credit to be the purpose of a visit in meetings and conferences. According to thee authors Food exchange fair tourism involves of international and domestic food trade fairs. There are many international food trade fairs, such as BioFach World Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg, Germany. International food conferences attract food scientists to increase their knowledge. One annually organized domestic food conference is the Finnish Food Congress which has been organized annually since 1970. It is the largest prof essional educational event for the food sector in Finland. Through these conferences we can satisfy self actualization of food experts who seek new kinds of culinary ideas and new food products. Such as cooks, restaurant managers, food wholesale buyers etc.The authors in his paper used the trial-and-error findings which indicate that when classifying food tourism by sectors, Maslows hierarchy of needs and motivations can be used as the basis in the classification.Travel motivation a critical review of the ideas development.By Cathy H.C Hsu and Songshan Huang.The intent of this study represents the development of travel motivation concept over the year the authors apply Maslows hierarchy theory to travel motivation theory. in addition to this they highlights the two abstract framework travel career attraction and travel career pattern . The study also discussed other concepts which influence in travel motivation such as push and pull, Mannel and Iso-Ahlo model of escaping and se eking dimensions, merits of Plogs allocentrism / phsycontrism. In addition the study explained methodological issues in tourist motivation research. We will focus only on the uses of Maslows hierarchy in this study.According to Hsu and Huang (2008) travel motivation related to why people travel motivation related to why people travel so this area is relatively difficult research area of tourism enquiry . Based on this problem this paper reviews some of the most important research pieces relating to the subject, and which document the abstract development of the motivation construct.Authors mentioned that sociology and social psychology is root of theoretical framework of travel motivation studies. In addition Maslows hierarchy of needs can be used to analyze the theoretical of many tourism researches because is one of the most influential motivation theories in the academic and in the public domain, one reason of this popularity of theory is its simplicity. Maslows theory was devel oped by clinical psychology, the usher in is applicable to others sectors such as counseling, marketing, tourism and organizational psychology.The study also explained how Pears in (1982) used Maslows hierarchy theory in his study the social psychology of tourism behavior . Pears in his study analyse cd cases of travel experiences provided by some 200 tourists in Australia, Europe, U.S.A and Canada .he wrote down each respondent one positive experience and one negative experience.Pears analyzed and coded the tourists experience data in to five categories in accordance to Maslows hierarchy. Based on the information s which collected through analyzed, he suggested that travel motivation has the properties of an approach-avoidance paradigm and travelers attracted to holiday destination because of the possibility satisfying self-actualization, love and belongingness and physiological needs in that order of importance. (Hsu and Huang ,2008)This paper also mentioned hat Maslow in his theory discussed two others important human needs aesthetic needs and the need to know and understand something new. These needs are very important in tourism field because person travels in order to see and learn about something new. But these needs were not included in the hierarchy of needs so the needs are less know to people.Maslows of needs theory as applied to tourism field has been one of the significant main point in travel motivation research, as we said that before this study also highlights the two conceptual framework in understanding travel motivation travel career leader (TCL) and travel career pattern (TCP).Travel career leader can be traced to Pearces earlier work in tourist behavior and it is based upon Maslows hierarchy of needs. Based on the TCL tourists needs or motivations are organized in a hierarchy with relaxation needs at the lowest level followed by safety needs, relationship needs, self-esteem and development needs and finally fulfillment need. The main i dea underlying this conceptual framework is that a persons travel motivation changes with his /her travel experience. (Hsu and Huang,2008)The second conceptual framework which presented recently by Pearce and his friend Lee in (2003) is Travel Career Pattern (TCP), it is also known as adjusted discrepancy of TCL. In fact its quite different of travel career leader.This concept tested by Pearce and lee in two studies and generate very similar motivation factors ,these factors can be classified in two groups the first one involves the most significant and ordinary motivation factors to tourists such as novelty ,relax and relationship while the other group involves motivation factors that were less significant to respondents e.g. stimulation ,isolation and social status. In addition Pearce and lee proposed three levels of TCP they put significant common motives e.g. relax, relationship and novelty in the main bed, the next layer which surrounding the main layer involves the modera tely important travel motives e.g. self -actualization. The outer layer includes of common and less important travel motives e.g. social status, isolation and nostalgia. In addition Pearce and Lee explained that pleasure tourists at all levels of TCP are affected by the most important and central travel motives as well as by less important motives. Travel Career Patterns as a tourist motivation model is still underdevelopment and its validity requires further rigorous tests. (Hsu and Huang,2008)We can observe the relationship between Maslows hierarchy of needs and TCP and how can Pearce and his colleagues Lee in 666 used maslows theory to introduce this new model.4-Travel motivations of package tour travellersBy Jui Chi ChangIn this study the authors examined travel motives as well as travel decision-making of Taiwanese travellers with a group package tour abroad. Tourism is an industry for people who are looking for something different and they want to be treated as blue-chip cust omers travel motivation as we know reflects ones needs and wants and can be viewed as a critical variable in relation to their purchase decisions and outcome of satisfaction. Motivation emerges when an individual wants to satisfy a need.According to Maslow theory a person has different needs which he wants to satisfy it and these needs motivate person to act anything in order to satisfy his needs , the author mentioned that , Studying travel motivation helps one to understand customers needs, thence enhancing service providers knowledge about what kinds of experiences travellers seek, especially for certain groups of people in addition to this Understanding of travellers motivations is critical to predict future travel patterns. thats mean its necessary to study motivation theory especially the Maslow theory of need which determine the person needAccording to the author Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behaviour. Self act ualization, the highest need in Maslows hierarchy, generates internal satisfaction and explains the necessity of acquiring knowledge and erudition about different cultures. Fulfilling higher-order needs might also be associated with lower-order needs to which multiple motives contribute. Still, it is arguable that not all travellers are able to fulfil the highest need of self-actualization since some people may not consider it to be so significant.The author mentioned that It is difficult to determine which stimulation triggers ones needs in the first place. Besides, one persons needs may not be the same as anothers, even though they are in the same life cycle. Nevertheless, theories of motivation have played an important role in the development of tourism psychologyThis study suggests that socio-psychological needs are an important motivation for travel, and socio-economic considerations are regarded as a crucial motivation for travel decision-making. Furthermore, travellers decis ion-making may be strongly influenced by their social relationships friends/relatives recommendations. in conclusion we can say that Maslow hierarchy theory can used to explain travel behaviour and can help to determine which factor play a vital role to effect on person decision to visit destination and practice some activities.ConclusionThere is a wide-cut variety of theoretical frameworks that have been developed and used in attempts to explain the issues of motivation and satisfaction. As we know that, Human needs can be divided into different categories and the successful in tourism field based on how can tourism satisfy stakeholders needs in tourism sector,.Maslows hierarchical needs theory, although developed in the field of clinical psychology has become widely influential as the best-known general theory of motivation and has been applied to explain motivation in many social disciplines, and areas such as business, marketing and tourism. it has been called an emotional tri gger that enables marketers to communicate with their take aim audiences on a personal, meaningful level that goes beyond product benefits.This theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behaviour. Self actualization, the highest need in Maslows hierarchy, generates internal satisfaction and explains the necessity of acquiring knowledge and learning about different cultures. Fulfilling higher-order needs might also be associated with lower-order needs to which multiple motives contribute. Still, it is arguable that not all travellers are able to fulfil the highest need of self-actualization since some people may not consider it to be so significant.One of the main reasons for the popularity of Maslows hierarchy of needs is probably its simplicity. This hierarchy could be related to the travel industry in the sense that unless individuals have their physiological and safety needs met, they are less likely to be interested in travelling the world to make a difference . Self actualization can, in fact, be considered the end or goal of leisure.Finally we can say that, Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory plays a vital role to determine these needs and helps all the parties to understand the different needs of people in order to satisfy it and achieve success in tourism field.

Coca Colas product range and services

Coca Colas point of intersection range and expediencysCoca-Cola is a carbonate soft drink inter switch in the stores, restaurants, and sell machines of to a greater extent than cc countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola call(a)er-out of Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as shock (a registered brand of The Coca-Cola union in the United States since March 27, 1994). Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th degree centigrade by John Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by personal lineage of creditman Asa Griggs Candler, whose tradeing simulated military operation led shock to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the twentieth century.The comp all produced thin out which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout to the world. The bottlers, who patronise territorially exclusive contracts with the comp whatsoever, produce finished product in tidy sums and bottles from the concentrate in combination with filtered water schema and sweeteners. The bottles then sell, allot and sell Coca-Cola to sells stores and vending machines. Such bottlers include Coca-Cola Enterprises, which is the largest single Coca-Cola bottler in North America and occidental Europe. The Coca-Cola attach to withal sells concentrate for soda fountains to major restaurant and forage service distri thoor.The Coca-Cola alliance has, an occasion, introduce some other cola drinks under the Coke brand let out. The most common of these is Diet Coke, with others including Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Cherry, Coca-Cola Zero, and special editions with lemon, lime, or coffee. (The Coca-Cola Comp any(prenominal) Profile, www.wikipedia.com, 2011)Product and runThe Coca-Cola Company sells the products sour of soft drinks include crapulence concentrates and syrups, with major swallow products. Business has to a greater extent than 300 beverage brands all over the world with a major to be Coke, Fanta, Lift, Sprite, Frutopia 100% takings Juice, and Powerade. The Coca-Cola Company Beverages its softw atomic number 18 packages into p decisionic bottles of sizes 2 liters, 1.25 liters, 600ml and 300ml. these atomic number 18 also available in aluminium cans of 375ml. Coca-Cola is the most well-k at presentn trademark, recognized by 94 pct of the world population. Business was very successful and has an excellent reputation. The price of Coca-Cola ar various according to size, place, and packaging. Maybe if Coca-Cola sells in the school pass on know different price if the Coca-Cola sells in the bazaar or market, or if we oppose the price of Coca-Cola in Indonesia go away different in America. (My blog Dewi Irianty, 2011)As information from Coca-Cola Amatil (CCA) Indonesia (Profile Company, www.Coca-Colaamatil.co.id, 2011) Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia (CCBI) is a manufacturer and distri preciselyor of soft-drinks in Indonesia. We manufacture and distribute product s licensed from The Coca-Cola Company. In addition to providing quality products and high standards, we also raise the stovepipe support services, both for our customer (distribution partners) as well as consumers. To support the best service, the CCBI fork ups the home(a) Contact centre (NCC), a service center for customer and consumers throughout Indonesia. NCC serves as a medium for customers and consumers who inquire information or any services related to the Company and the products of Coca-Cola.Services from the NCC includeCustomer service which includes the betoken for a customers, refrigeration equipment, ordination products from both traditional and modern outlets, and other divisions related to the distribution or saleCustomer service which includes product information, product quality and packaging, products packaging and activitiesFrequently Asked Question which include the research, practice or internship and job vacancies the CCBI, request to visits to the fa ctory CCBI, offering services and products for CCBI.The suggest 90% of our customers prefer to taint of Coca-Cola in a cold state. To support increase sales increment and push the level of benefits to our customers, the role of Cold Drink Equipment (cooling equipment) becomes great. Therefore, we eternally to fasten that the Cold Drink Equipment that atomic number 18 in all our outlets to function mightily and reach an interesting view. One of the special program conducted by Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia to get in that goal is to provide new services, RED desk for customers who already have a cooler of Coca-Cola.Types of services available areReceive and handle complaints of wrong from the outlet of Cold Drink Equipment as well as the gross revenue CenterReceive and handle request installation or climb-down from the outlet of Cold Drink Equipment and Sales CenterAnswering motility nigh the Cold Drink Equipment Services Coca-ColaWhy the Coca-Cola Company goes to global Business it because they want to spread the product all over the world, and quite a little leave behind know the product. Beside that reason, the Coca-Cola also wants to raise the revenue and it pull up stakes stir the merchandise and the employment will up because the demand of the product is growing up too. Its not about just the company get the prefer from this market, but the politics will also get the revenue because The Coca-Cola Company do the export-import where in that respect is a tax will raise the income of the government activity. The Coca-Cola Company is often appointed to be a sponsor of FIFA initiation cupful Football. Coca-Cola became sponsor of the World Cup almost any year held the World Cup including the 2010 World Cup. (www.google.com, www.scribd.com, 2011)The differences between across countries and home rural areaThe differences between across republic and home democracy shown in the products they are produced. individually country have the d ifferent product although they have same name products, there are well-nigh products may be same. In Indonesia Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia or Coca-Cola Company produced the products in the bottle with ordinary programme and non-alcohol, it because in Indonesia the government not allowed it. But, in America they have extraordinary design with the different design every product. In Indonesia they dont have a unique design like the product of America, and in America they have umteen another(prenominal) products of Coca-Cola. This matter of concern is mantic to be the core differences between across country and home country. (Products list of Coca-Cola, www.thecoca-colacompany.co.id, 2011), (Product Coca-Cola, www.google.com, 2011)StrategyTo support their products The Coca-Cola Company has dodge to their products and their company, the strategy such as sales and market, manufacturing and distribution, and innovation. To support their sales and marketing, they knowing more pro grams which are pointed to consumers and loyalty of their products.Sales and merchandisingPromotionVarious promotions designed not unaccompanied to increase their sales and marketing, but also to treat improve their consumer satisfaction and loyalty of their products.Serving Their CustomersCustomer Service Center (CSC) is designed to stay improve their customer satisfaction and loyalty their products by providing superior levels of service to their customers based on their specific needs.Area trade ContractorEncourage by the companys limited resources to cost-effectively service certain in operation(p) areas directly and strong load to create job opportunities in the liberal sector, Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia (CCBI) continue develops its product distribution system through small and medium-sized business in Indonesia. Under the system, CCBI proceeds with two mains of third parties Area Marketing Contractors known as AMCs, and street vending.Serving their productsAt Coca-Co la Bottling Indonesia, we are commits to providing their customers with a range of Cold Drink Equipment to support their business. From ice chests for kiosk, to electric coolers for retail outlets, vending machines and street vending, we lend these facilities to the customer at no cost, so they can sells Coca-Cola Products cold op their consumers.HoReCaHaving partnership with many hotels, restaurants, and cafes, their give many striking offerings through HoReCa programs. (The Coca-Cola Company sales and marketing, www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011)Manufacturing and DistributionThe production of all products sold and distributed by Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia takes place in Indonesia. There are ten production plants located throughout Indonesia. Over the years, our plants in Indonesia have been awarded prizes from the Coca-Cola Company for attaining standards to a high place those similar plants located in others part of the world.All production plants b enact and frequently exce ed inter depicted object standards and local regulatory extremitys and undergo first-string audits in the areas of quality control, environmental, health, and safety practices. Coca-Cola beverages products began as raw material and go through many stages as follows Ingredients Preparations, Mixing, Washing, assembleing Capping, Coding, Inspection, Packaging, and Loading.Coca-Cola will not only sell products to their customers but also give instructions on how to merchandise the product. Sales supervisors also regularly visit customers and provide advice and listen to any input that the customers may provide, it will be a great role to the company.Overall sales and distribution policy is directed by the National Office, located in Cibitung, Bekasi, but the execution of the policy is carried out by well qualified and experienced regional and area operational managers and their staff. isolated from that, the bottling plants in Indonesia al slipway welcome visitors who would like to know more about explore their hygienic and state-of-the-art production outgrowth.Coca-Cola indicates their innovation through some continuance research and development activities. They try to develop Indonesia typical products. Moreover, many variations of packages and accessories are now easily found throughout Indonesia.The reputation of Coca-Cola in Indonesia was only recognized as the large forces with main change beverage company, now has changed become total beverage company in line with the production of fast non-carbonated beverage. It commenced from the issuance of Frestea, tea beverage, on the last June 2002. right off it becomes the second largest fast beverage product in Indonesia. Furthermore, Coca-Cola has marketed Sunfill Syrup and powder, and Ades mineral water outside Jabodetabek. In the meantime, the packaging field always updates its innovations. after(prenominal) the Refillable Glass Bottle, Frestea, Produced a couple years ago it has been produced in more relax package last year (Tetra Wedge). It is taked to be easier and practice to bring. In the end of 2003, Coca-Cola, Sprite, and Fanta appeared in the tiny can package of 250ml. In addition, there is Glass Bottle which is light to 30% in its weight with a very tiny design but strong. Now it has started to market in Bali and for the near coming years will be marketing nationwide. existence on selling facilities also developed infinitely in order to meet the need of consumers and the current technology development. Some of us had to believe that teaching Technology approach is really essential for every stands of company. Meanwhile, Coca-Cola bottling Indonesia has non-pollution materials. in any event increase selling productivities, those new crates are expected to enhance the product of Coca-Cola in Indonesia.These continuous innovations have proven which as one of the renowned beverage company in the world, Coca-Cola wants to provide its best for the consumers. New liking h as presented and continuous investments have do in order to become the best beverage company in the world. (The Coca-Cola Company manufacturing and distribution, www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011)InnovationThe Coca-Cola Company tries to accommodate new innovation to develop their products. In addition, more packages and interesting accessories are now easily found throughout Indonesia. The reputation The Coca-Cola Company in Indonesia which is previously recognize as the main carbonated beverage company, has now changed become total beverage company in line with the production of fast non-carbonated beverage. It commenced from the issuance o f Frestea, Tea Beverage, on the last June 2002. Now, it becomes the second largest fast beverage product in Indonesia. Furthermore, Coca-Cola has marketed Sun Fill syrup and Powder, and Ades mineral water outside Jabotabek.In the field of packaging, Coca-Cola always updates its innovation. After Refillable Glass Bottle, Frestea, produced a coup le years ago it has been produced a last year in more relax package (Tetra Wedge) which is easier and more practice to bring. In the end of 2003, Coca-Cola, Sprite, and Fanta appeared in the tiny can package of 250ml. In addition there is Glass Bottle which is light to 30% in its weight with a very tiny design but strong. Now it has started to market in Bali and for the near coming years will be marketed nationwide.Innovation in selling facilities also developed perpetually to meet the need of consumers and the current technology development. Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia has non pollution materials. Besides increasing productivities, those new creates are expected to enhance the product of Coca-Cola Indonesia.Those continuous innovations have proven that as one of the famous beverage company in the world, Coca-Cola wants to provide its best for the consumer. New idea has presented and continuous investments have made in order to become the best beverage company in the world. (The C oca-Cola innovation, www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011)CultureCulture is a part of external influences that impact the consumer. That is socialization represents influences that are imposed on the consumer by other individuals. The culture every country is different, not just about culture of country but the company has also culture for their company. To gain their business, The Coca-Cola Company focus in all aspect such as focus in product, commitment to people development, graduate trainee program, job vacancy and the others. To cargo area the quality of product The Coca-Cola Company always controls the products to not disappointing the consumer. The Coca-Cola Company also held the events for their employees such as games, party, etc. The Coca-Cola Company has commitment for their company to always keep the believing from the peoples. (Lars Perner, Ph.D, www.consumerpsychologist.co.id , 2011) (www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011)Analyzes of PESTEL (Political-Economical-Social-Techno logical-Environmental-Legal)PoliticalThe non-alcoholic beverages falls in the category under the FDA and the government plays a role within the operation of manufacturing these products. For those companies that didnt meet the standard requirement which have been set by law, an amount of fines shall be deemed.The changes in laws and regulations, such as accounting standards, taxation requirements and environmental laws and foreign jurisdictions might concern the book of the company as well as their entry in foreign country. Apart from that, the changes in the temper of business as non-alcoholic beverages can gain competitive product and pricing pressures and the ability to improve or maintain the share in sales in global market as a result of action by competitors. An overview to the country intimate markets and other governmental changes that affects their ability to penetrate the developing and emerging markets that involves the semipolitical and sparing conditions. Indeed, C oca-cola always anticipates any changes in the political field and continuously superviseing the policies and regulations set by government. In the political variables, most of the things are related to Governmental activities. So, they dont leave any good or lamentable impact in the Industry of degree Celsius.EconomicalThe issue of turning point and puffiness rates may affect the industry of setback. Non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages are also stands for good impact for a certain countries. Non-alcoholic beverages will stand break off for Indonesia, Japan, Germany, and so on. On the other hand, alcoholic beverages will collect a high demand in USA, Australia, New Zealand, etc. It is supposed that economic have a ostracize impact to the demand of coca-cola products when the price changed because of recession and inflation. The economic situation of a country shall be strong in order to adapt to the economical changes.SocialLifestyles and attitudes of the market are suppose d to change in a lifetime. It is also observed that the general satiate in this world is categorized as baby boomers. This will continue to affect the non-alcoholic beverage industry by increasing the demand overall and in the healthier beverages. The main result is the decreasing demand for the carbonated drinks and is going to pull down the revenue of coca-cola.TechnologicalIT department is demanded to be the most functional field. This creates opportunities for new products and product improvements in terms of marketing and production. New products always come along with the advance of technology. Through computers coke can increase the efficiency of its business and can have up -to-date information about their productions. This will be a way to monitor the needs of consumer.EnvironmentalThe Coca-Cola Company is providing consumers with simple moments of uniquely satisfying refreshment. The Coca-Cola Company work hard to infuse the environmental, health, and safety performance . Before The Coca-Cola Company arouse wastewater into a natural body of water, they treat that discharge water to a level capable of supporting fish life.Recognizing that environmental, health, and safety issues change as our understanding of these issues grows, they have developed a comprehensive system that follows international standards (including ISO 14001) and complies with the prevailing laws and regulations. All plants are audited regularly and have straightforward environment health and safety practices from waste management and reuse to occupational health and safety programs.Beyond the satisfaction of doing the right thing, our responsibility goes to the Indonesian people whose lives touch every day, and that responsibility includes conducting their business in ways that protect environment and promote the health and safety of our employees at the work places.Environment policyPT. Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia has commitment to always comprehend, prevent and reduce any negative impacts on environment due to its production process, to continuously provide high quality services and products to its customers and consumers, and to create a safe operative environment. (The Coca-Cola Company environment, www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011)LegalLegal aspect emphasizes on the effect of the national and world legislation. The industry of Coke receives all the rights applicable in the nature of their business. Every inventions and product developments are always going into the patented process led by governmental rules and regulations. This kind of legal approach leads to no highly negative impacts to industry of Coke as prescribed in Presidential decree.(http//ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/12/pestle-analysis-on-coca-cola.html )Three Majors are very important from PESTELEconomicalA few of economical crisis rises in many countries, specially underdeveloped and developing countries. Both categories seem not to have a strong economic level compa red to developed countries. Inflation and recession will cause the economical situation of those countries to be unstable. Prices can be wonky and unaffordable. This will establish a pick from the demand which means penny-pinching demand. The revenue of coca-cola industry will be decreased in many possible ways. In conclusion, the sales projection will be higher(prenominal) than realization. Bad reputation will then create another negative impact to the other fields of consequences.SocialThe lifestyle, trends, and culture of each country are all different. The countries such as Indonesia, Japan, Germany, Fiji, Papua Guinea, are approaching coruscate beverages, still beverages, but not alcoholic beverages. This means industry of coke have to determine their products distribution in a simultaneous way. Producing the non-alcoholic beverages in such countries mentioned above will be able to collect a vast number of demands. Producing alcoholic beverages will be only bony and only pr oduced in a limited number which resulting in higher prices than the other products. This condition may not be affecting a country such as USA and Australia. Both of them are multicultural and many products are acceptable in both countries. The only dogfight is only the competitors such as Pepsi and Nestle.TechnologyApart from all the other filed, technological do affect most industry even Coca-Cola company. By using technology advantages, most developed industries in the world are having the advancement of technology as the source of their success. The core benefits are information, marketplace, and products development.Information always flows from the industry to the customers and vice versa. An industry is a physical form of conceptual plan. Every industry has to convert the source of information into data. The data can be accessed by customers in order to give unquestionable feedback to the industry itself. This will be the access point to the marketplace. Every country seems to have different tastes and needs. In this term, industry of coke can portion the market with potential demand. The potential demand may be secernate into some categories. Meanwhile, the industry of Coke can do products development in order to fulfill the needs of consumer. This kind of monitoring session will bring up the flow into information again. Then, industry of Coke will have the updated information from customer again. Moreover, by the information received, industry of Coke can provide new information about their developed products and any promotion and details about the company.

The Gas Exchange And Transport

The Gas Exchange And TransportThe changes in pulmonary ventilation and livestock black market ar actually regulated by the central nauseating st driftgy through the respiratory and cardiovascular compasss located in the brain. harmonize to Sir Joseph Barcroft in 1934, exercise actually forces both cardiovascular and respiratory trunk to perform at a gamyer level of piece. 1 This helps us to substantiate better how both respiratory and cardiovascular systems interact with each otherwise to perform well.Gas Exchange and TransportGaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli of the human lungs. line of products in the alveolus has a higher partial atmospheric pressure of atomic number 8 compared to the occupation in the pulmonary artery. thitherfore, type O diffuses into the pipeline at capillary by dissolving in the moisture on the alveolar surface. On the other hand, air in the alveolus has a lower partial pressure of deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide compared to the cab le in capillaries. Hence, the one C dioxide diffuses from the prodigal capillary to alveolus to be exhaled break. 2There are nearly(prenominal) factors which affect the gaseous exchange of atomic number 6 dioxide and oxygen between the subscriber line capillaries and alveoli in the lungs. These factors are the surface area available for public exposure, the length of the diffusion pathway, and the haemoglobin concentration in the pitch. At rest, not all the capillaries that put off the alveoli are open. During exercise, more(prenominal) alveoli and capillaries are opened which adjoin the surface area to allow a faster diffusion to occur. 1During exercise, there is overly fecal matter of fluid from parenthood into the surrounding cells and tissues. This is termed hemoconcentration. This allow add the concentration of hemoglobin in inception by 5% to 10%. 1 The increase in tree trunk temperature that clears the person to sweat ordain squeeze plasma masses. This will piss hemoconcentration as well. This is the reason why during exercise, gas transport per whole volume of blood commingle increases. 1Oxygen Dissociation Curverespiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between our body and the environment. When inspiratory ponderositys contract, air rushes into the lungs receivable to the higher pressure of outside environment. Air is forced out from the lungs to the environment during expiration when the pressure inside thoracic cavity becomes higher. 2During exercises, active tissues such(prenominal) as hard up muscles need more oxygen to gene locate ATP. 3 Therefore, they produce more carbon dioxide and the body temperature increase. This carbon dioxide will oppose with water in the tissue to form carbonic acid which increases acidity. Increase in the acidity of blood will reduce the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen. As the result, more oxygen is released to these active tissues. 2For example, du ring contain exercises, skeletal muscles need more oxygen and they produce more carbon dioxide due to the work out. So, the pH is decreased causing the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen reduce. Hemoglobin with a lower affinity to oxygen has oxygen dissociation curve which is further to the in effect(p). Body temperature which increases during exercise will gain the shifting of oxygen dissociation curve to the right as well. 5 jibe to Merle L. Foss and Steven J. Keteyian in their book, Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport, the respiratory system change the rate and depth of ventilation to help regulate the total heat ion concentration of our body fluid. When body fluid pH decreases, for example, during exercises, ventilation increases to protrusion off carbon dioxide. When at rest, ventilation decreases to retain carbon dioxide in body fluid. 1Ventilation changes during exerciseInvoluntary control of breathing is carried out by the breathing make out of money in the medul la oblongata. 2 This breathing center consists of an inspiratory center and expiratory center. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide which also affects the pH of blood is the most important factor controlling the rate and depth of breathing. The chemoreceptors detect the changes in partial pressure of carbon dioxide of blood and cerebral spinal fluid. These chemoreceptors are the carotid bodies, the aortic bodies, and the medulla 1 that lift the breathing center.During moderate exercises, there is a rapid increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood. This is due to the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles. The increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide stimulates the chemoreceptors to transmit impulses to the inspiratory center. Inspiratory center transmits impulses to diaphragm muscles and intercostal muscle for rate and depth breathing. 3At the first few second by and by start the exercise, there is a rapid increase in the ventilation. This is due t o the increase in the central command from cortex. The increase in the unquiet stimuli to medulla be receive of the activation of muscle or joint receptors may cause the hyperventilation as well. After that, the rapid ventilation start to achieve at steady state or it shows a slower rise. This is because chemoreceptors start to react to increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and decrease in the pH of blood or cerebral spinal fluid. The ventilation continues to increase until the exercise is stop. 1 During normal breathing, a human adult inhales and exhales about 450cm of air. This is cognize as tidal volume. During vigorous activity, tidal volume loafer increase up to 2000cm. 2 Oxygen consumption increases linearly as the work rate is increasing. However, above a certain work rate the oxygen uptake reaches a plateau. Thats mean there is a limiting factor to oxygen uptake. 3Structure of Human HeartHuman affectionateness consists of 4 chambers, left field atrium, right atrium, left heart ventricle and right ventricle. Both the left and right ventricles have thicker muscular hem in compare to left and right atria smother because ventricles need to contract strongly to heart blood out of the heart. Whereas, the wall of left ventricle is 3 to 4 times thicker to right ventricle because left ventricle need to pump blood to all part of our body except lungs while right ventricle pump blood to lungs only. The intraventricular septum separate left and right side of the heart completely. left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary vein while right atrium received deoxygenated blood from the body through vena cava. 76Control of Heart Beatbeatnik is myogenic. This is because beating of the heart is started by cardiac muscles and not by external stimulation. Sino atrial node (SAN) which is also known as the pacemaker for the heart is responsible to originate excitation for starting the heartbeat. SAN have a high permeability to sodium ions. So, SAN cells are depolarized as sodium ions diffuse into these cells continuously. The depolarization will generate electrical impulse that transmitted out from SAN cells to produce contraction of heart. Atrial systole occurs when the wave of excitation is conducted from SAN to walls of both atria. The impulses that generate by SAN is thusly activates atrioventricular node (AVN). AVN hence transmits the impulses to apex of the ventricles via bundle of his. From the apex, impulses are transmitted to ventricular muscles through purkinje fibers. This transmission causes ventricles to contract and hence pump blood into pulmonary artery and aorta. 2SAN can be accelerated or slowed down by the autonomic nerve system, endocrine system and some other factors. The amount of blood return to heart actually can ready the increase in the stroke volume and cardiac sidetrack of the heart. During exercise, the working skeletal muscles contract strongly and quickly. As a result, a large amount of blood is return to the heart via vena cava. There is stretch receptors (baroreceptors) located within the wall of the vena cava. When large amount of blood return to the heart, the vena cava dilates and this stretches its wall, stimulated the stretch receptors there. The stretch receptors consequently generate impulses at high frequency to transmit to cardiac artillery center in the medulla oblongata. The stimulated accelerator center then transmits impulses via the sympathetic nerves to induce a faster and stronger heartbeat. 1According to Starling Law, the potentiality of the heartbeat is related to how much the cardiac muscles are stretched. Therefore, the more the volume of blood returned to the heart, the stronger the ventricle contracts. 4 Stroke volume increases due to the strong ventricular contraction, thus there is high blood pressure in carotid artery and aorta. Stretch receptors are stimulated and transmit impulses to cardiac repressing center to slow down heartbeat. This is to prevent the heart from beating as well as fast. 2Distribution of Blood FlowAt rest, majority of the cardiac sidetrack is distributed to the visceral organ, the heart and the brain. Only 20% of the total systemic flow is distributed to the muscles. 1 However, during exercise, more active skeletal muscles received a higher semblance of the cardiac end product due to the redistribution of the blood flow. The metabolic active skeletal muscles will receive 85 to 90% of the total blood flow during maximal exercise. 1The redistribution of the blood flow is caused by the vasoconstriction of the arterioles at visceral organs and non-working skeletal muscles which are less active metabolically during the progress of exercise. The vasodilation of the arterioles which supplement blood to the active skeletal muscles is also the reason that causing the redistribution of the blood flow. 1The vasoconstriction of the arterioles at non-active tissues in our body during exer cises is due to the increase in both neural input and release of noradrenaline to the blood. On the other hand, the vasodilation of arterioles at active skeletal muscles during exercise is mainly due to initial reflex sympathetic nauseating system response and chemic changes in the body. Those chemical changes include increase in temperature, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, enthalpy ions in plasma and blood, lactic acid level and decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen. The innermost layer of the arterial blood vessel will also release a vasodilation substance which is nitrous oxide to induce vasodilation of arterioles. 1Blood Pressure RegulationBlood pressure is regulated by coordinating cardiac output and the diameter of the arteries. As cardiac output increases, blood pressure increases as well. Arterioles vasodilation lowers the blood pressure while arterioles vasoconstriction raises the blood pressure. The neurons from the vasomotor center in the medulla innervate th e smooth muscles in all arterioles. 2During exercises, there is increase in the cardiac output which raises blood pressure and stimulating the stretch receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses. The stretch receptors then transmit impulses to the vasomotor center in the medulla. The vasomotor center then responds by causes the arterioles to vasodilate to decrease the blood pressure. It may cause the cardiac output to decrease also. 2Blood pressure also affects by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. During exercise, the increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will stimulate the chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies. The chemoreceptors then transmit the impulses to the vasomotor center in medulla that causes the arterioles to vasoconstrict. This can aid the carbon dioxide excretion as more blood can be transported to the lungs. 2ConclusionAfter go through all the topics that we discussed above, we can discontinue that all the adjustments make by respirato ry and cardiovascular systems (cardiopulmonary) need to be controlled, coordinated and interact with one another well to operate at a higher level of function. Cardiopulmonary system is able to function efficiently because of the control of nervous system which involves both voluntary nervous system and involuntary nervous system.As both cardiovascular and respiratory systems are interconnected with each other, therefore, the stimulation of one area such as the increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will affect both ventilation and blood flow. As a result, to issue physiological changes during moderate exercise, we need to study both cardiovascular and respiratory systems to understand better how they work.