Interpretation on Good or Bad People in the Context of Tennessee Williams Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"There are no â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad† people. Some are a small better or a small worse. but all are activated more by misconstruing than malice—a sightlessness to what is traveling on in each others hearts†¦ Cipher sees anybody genuinely but all through the defects of their ain self-importances. That is the manner we all see each other in life. † [ 1 ] To be able to to the full understand the phrase stressed by Tennessee Williams. one must be enlightened on the positions given by world-renowned persons on the context ofGoodandBad. Consequently. the olympian position of what has apparently stricken the confusion on how to take the phrase is dependent on the position of a individual on the paradigm that shapes up the kingdom of the intent. How any statement is interpreted comprises many-sided factors which make up the echelon of apprehension of an person. As stressed in human behaviour and Freud’s egoism. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpretation on Good or Bad People in the Context of Tennessee Williams Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page a person’s position on things or in life or on any affair or on any interest is a manifestation of the elements that surround around one’s environment—family upbringing. sort of friends. educational background. childhood experiences. cognition acquired through the visible radiation of the day-to-day activities—and on how one is able to grok. As for the instance of Williams. how he ought to understand his statement may hold been derived from that immediate time’s influences which urged him to believe on that fact taking him to aerate out his ain sentiment on the affair. Conceivably. it may be taken to assumption that this playwright’s troubled torment in life turned him to be impersonal on the footing onGoodandBad—which nevertheless. can non be concluded at any stake—not unless his life and his entire experiences in life and an analysis on how he thinks and how he feels shall be taken history into critical survey. Further. The nucleus of the philosophy ofegoismis theegoor the person. Central to psychological egoism is the statement that opportunism is ever the motivation behind all the Acts of the Apostless of human existences. including Acts of the Apostless which are categorized as workss of selflessness. Ethical egoism. on the other manus. claims that individualsoughtto make what is indispensable to their self-interest. In theRepublic. Plato outlined that by nature persons are selfish through the narrative of theGyge’s ring. With the pealing granting whoever wears it with the power to turn unseeable. he asserts that even the merely adult male would finally utilize the ring to his benefit without much concern over the other people he might tread upon. This holds even more to the unfair adult male. To be an egotist would be prudent for several grounds both for the absolutely merely and absolutely unfair adult male. Generally. an egotist will chiefly see his ain wellbeing in every state of affairs he may be placed. With this prudence. the absolutely merely people every bit good as the absolutely unfair one will most likely secure benefits for his being. However. for us to corroborate the truthfulness of psychological egoism—that our actions are ever prompted by our self-interest—it must be foremost revealed that human existences are. in kernel. selfish and that with selfishness we are motivated to seek for ourselves whatever that benefits us without much concern over the effects it can throw at other people. One unfavorable judgment which has been stanchly hurled against psychological egoism is that it argues in circles. Thomas Macaulay argues against psychological egoism in such a manner that it ( psychological egoism ) presupposes that people merely carry out actions that result to their complacency. and concludes that people merely carry out actions that result to their complacency ( Macaulay. 1860 ) . Traveling approximately over the points being argued in egoism. there may be instances wherein several Acts of the Apostless of persons are fundamentally fueled by selfish desires. Yet these may be mere observations entirely. though seemingly persons moving in such a manner may openly claim that their Acts of the Apostless are chiefly driven by their selfish desires. The theory of egoism however provides us another manner in which we can see the propulsions of work forces. though for the most portion it does non convey us any warrant that all of our Acts of the Apostless are however gro unded on selfish desires and. hence. it can non perfectly be a feasible moral theory. The thoughts of Plato are however synonymous to several instances in the modern-day universe. His constructs of the primacy ofjustnessand of theGoodoverEvilbespeak the consistent function of jurisprudence in throughout the old ages in the development of the society and in the protection of the rights and involvements of every person. There is an increasing consciousness every bit good on the function of these rights in taking the barriers being set Forth by racial and sexual differentiations. Justice. for the most portion. has evolved throughout centuries and may still be on the brink of transmutation in the coming old ages as more and more issues are being taken into history in finding which counts asmerelyin relation to the primacy of theGoodoverEvil. More significantly. the increasing functions of the quest for gender and racial equality in modern-day times have redirected the way of justness both in the local and planetary sphere ( Kelly. 2006 ) . These alterations in the perceptual experience of justness have drastically impacted on the attitudes of persons in covering with other people and in concentrating their attending in endeavoring for a stable being. Mention Kelly. J. ( 2006 ) . Women 35 old ages on: still unequal after all this clip. InEducation. Equality and Human RIghts: Issues of Gender. ’Race’ . Sexuality. Disability and Social Class( 1 erectile dysfunction. . pp. 7-21 ) . New York: Routledge. Macaulay. T. ( 1860 ) .The Assorted Hagiographas of Lord Macaulay( Vol. 1 ) : Longman. Green. Longman. and Roberts. Tennessee Williams ( 1911-1983 ) – original name Thomas Lanier Williams ( Publication. ( 2002 ) . Retrieved November 8. 2007. from virago. com: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. kirjasto. sci. fi/williams. htm [ 1 ] Elia Kazan’s AutobiographyA Life( 1988 ) . See Tennessee Williams ( 1911-1983 ) – original name Thomas Lanier Williams ( Publication. ( 2002 ) . Retrieved November 8. 2007. from virago. com: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. kirjasto. sci. fi/williams. htm

Integration Configuration Optimization And Support Information Technology Essay Example

Integration Configuration Optimization And Support Information Technology Essay Example Integration Configuration Optimization And Support Information Technology Essay Integration Configuration Optimization And Support Information Technology Essay In this calling episode I would wish to depict the undertaking that I worked on during Nov 2008 to Oct 2010. I was working as a Technical Support Engineer in Alcatel Lucent undertaking for Mobilink called Mobilink Infinity, a good known Telecommunication Company in Pakistan. Mobilink Infinity was one of the biggest undertakings of Mobilink. Background Alcatel-Lucent is a supplier of telecommunication and information communicating systems, and related services, covering a scope of engineerings, including particularly nomadic webs. My Duties and Duties: Integration, Configuration, Optimization and Support of Alcatel-Lucent 7450 ESS-6 functioning as CE ( Customer s Edge ) in Mobilink Infinity ( WiMAX ) Program. Integration, Configuration and Support of OMNI 6850E functioning as CE ( Customer Edge ) for Asignaling over IP and Gb over IP. Configuration and Support of Alcatel-Lucent 8628 Multi Media Instant Conferencing ( MMIC ) Server deployed for inhouse and privy activities in Mobilink GSM. Configuration ofA ESS 7450A ( VPLS, A IES ) A asA per Network Design Diagram.A ConfigurationA Fiber/EthernetA portsA ( Trunk/A LAG s ) A asA perA demand and NDD.A Migration of unrecorded web from Omni Switch 6850 and Huawei Edge Router to ALU 7450 ESS-6. Coordination with Level 3 Support ( Turkey ) for declaration of TASC ticket of ESS 7450. Weekly backup of ESS 7450 and OMNI 6850E constellation. Analyzing KPI s traffic statistics and supervising the web to better public presentation. Performing and Analyzing drive trial and bring forthing studies with recommended actions. Frequency Planning, Frequency Auditing and Neighbor Planning for new and old Cell Sites. Responsible for traffic dimensioning with optimum usage of Half Rate. Perform Engineering Survey, Documentation, Site Acquisition of BSS sites for corroborating the handiness of proper infinite and specification demands for Alcatel equipment. Performed the Swap from ZTE to ALU, Motorola to ALU and NTS ALU Indoor to ALU outdoor. Personal workplace activity My occupation duites as support Engineer A ; RF Engineer included Planning and Managing Wireless Projects their Deployments, Configurations, Maintenance and Operations for Point-to-Multipoint connectivity over 3.5 GHz and Point-to-Point connectivity over 5.8 GHz Band, for Broadband and Data Circuits. As a support applied scientist I was foremost assign the undertaking of optimising the RF web and doing studies on the coverage. PMCL was in the soft launch stage that clip. Friendly user proving was traveling on that clip. In two month I had to work with our RF squad for doing all the coverage maps and optimising the web so that when we commercially launch our solution, we should hold proper coverage in all the promised country. The tool/software we used was XCAL ( Tool for the drive trial in WiMAX ) . This tool is a really efficient one. By utilizing it we can bring forth all the RF parametric quantity studies demoing the CINR ( bearer intervention noise ratio ) , RSSI ( Receive signal strength strength ) and transmit power optimisation inside informations etc. My accomplishments for thrust testing are ever appreciated to great trade. I conducted drive testing of around 70 plus sites out of 250 sites in the south part. XCAP ( Tool for drive trial consequences treating in WiMAX ) was the tool we used for the processing of the consequences and bring forthing the RF coverage maps and studies. Those studies and coverage maps are really utile in the hereafter parametric quantity alterations for the optimisation in conformity with the client demands. With the aid of those studies physical parametric quantities alterations were besides changed. For betterments in the RF coverage. RF studies were conducted on the wimax sites maintaining in position the orientations and jousts of the RF aerial. NPO ( Network Performance Optimizer ) is the tool used for the optimisation. This tool helps us take the public presentation trial of the RF sites so that we address the issues of slow browse, camping/decamping issues and VOIP ( voice over internet protocol ) issues. The most of import portion of my work was to develop elaborate studies on twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours and hebdomadal footing. Those studies contained all the work performed on the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours and hebdomadal footing demoing the alterations we made and the consequences obtained afterwards. Hammer Call Analyzer is used for the VOIP proving. Two RF parametric quantities RSSI and CINR are monitored closely with the environmental alterations to better the voice quality. SBC ( Session surround control ) is the device used with the NGN ( following coevals ) Router for supplying the VOIP services to the client. Testing the different seller merchandises to acquire the perfect compatible device for our web so that that VOIP service can be offered to the client. Zyxel was the first seller we used but recently Siemens was the seller we get satisfied with. With the directional aerial type used in the Siemens device made it the preferable device for both the services i.e broadband cyberspace and VOIP. Zyxel was utilizing the omni-directional aerial for their indoor devices. I was on a regular basis deployed on our MSC ( Mobile exchanging centre ) where the chief commanding unit WAC ( Wimax Access Control ) is installed. WAC controls all the entree points installed in the web. My chief responsibility there was to analyse the web traffic flow and the upgrading of the clients CPE microcode. We were holding 15000 plus client at that clip. So acquiring them upgraded was a really tough undertaking but I did it on clip. The trials which I performed after the firmware/software migration are Network Entry trial, NW entry sensitiveness trial, Pinging Test, PER ( Packet Error Rate ) Test, Throughput VS Coverage Test, Throughput VS Speed Test, Simultaneous DL VS UL Test, NW capacity Trials, Backhauling trial, VoIP Tests ( Using X-Lite / CPEs ) . After the commercial launch I was deployed with the squad to look after the Microwave nexus installing for corporate clients like Bankss and transnational etc and their monitoring and care. These MW links are the same as that of normal microwave transmittal used in the sites backhauling. I have the custodies on experience of installing, commissioning and operation of assortments of MW equipment. I conducted TSS ( Technical site study ) before the installing of the nexus. The study consists of look intoing the line of site ( LOS ) , seller suitable for the client, the type of solution harmonizing to the client demand, Coordinates of the location, edifice tallness, Azimuth ( angle ) and so utilizing the package PATHLOSS 4.0 to do the connectivity program for the nexus and look into if any intervention issue persist. I calculated the intervention, melt border and TSS inside informations for the processing of LINK BUDGET and provided the installing squad, guidelines for the nexus installing. I designed a system of Progress update sheets to update the day-to-day advancement of work in the site and paid regular visit to look into and verify the site status as per Update sheets and take exposure of site advancement which helped me in doing of site entree study. I monitored the clip spent on activities Vs the clip originally estimated. I reviewed A ; updated the undertaking program on a regular basis, reapportioning resources and rescheduling activities as required. In Mobilink Wimax Project, I used my technology abilities to run into the latest demands of Telecom industry. My chief aims were to work as a squad and develop a feasible solution that could assist others to finish this type of exercising in a given clip frame successfully. Summary I used my technology abilities to run into the latest demands of Telecom industry. My chief aims were to work as a squad and develop a feasible solution that could assist others to finish this type of exercising in a given clip frame successfully. Besides I learnt to ever utilize economical solution in technology to be successful.

Roosevelts New Deal and American Federalism Assignment

Roosevelts New Deal and American Federalism - Assignment Example In the same clause, it postulates that the congress shall impose taxes and duties in a uniform manner across all the states of the United States of America. The third clause is very important as it defined the power of the congress with regard to commerce issues. It states that the congress will have power to regulate powers among the US states and also between the Unites States of America and the rest of the world as well as with the Indian tribes. This clause gave the congress and thus the federal government exclusive power over the state governments, to regulate trade and commerce as well as make, establish and enforce laws regarding commerce. By giving such powers to the federal government, the role of the states was being trampled underneath the federal government and this clause was to later play a big role in defining the power boundaries between the federal government and the state governments. Commerce is definitely very important for any government and giving commercial sup remacy to the federal government meant that the power of the state government was minimized and the power for the federal government was increased.Supreme Court judgements in the past have also helped in defining the parameters of the powers of the federal government of the United States of American over the state level laws. These decisions by the United States include the Supreme Court decisions in McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden. In this McCulloch, the second bank of United States found itself in a row with the state of Maryland. The state of Maryland had passed a law that required all banks, local or federal, to only issue local notes and also to pay taxes on these. The second bank of United States did not however want to pay tax because this was not in line with federal bank regulations. As a result, the state of Maryland took the case to court and the case was eventually decided in favour of the second bank of the United States. The Supreme Court quoted the supremac y clause of the United States constitutions and said that the state did not have the power to override the federal laws and that the court should be able subscribe to the federal laws as a guidance to its decision. The same issue was also repeated in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). In this case, the issue was about the monopoly given to Ogden on the use of the navigation waters of the New York area. The state of New York had given Ogden a monopoly over the waters of the area and also tried to convince the other neighbouring states to do the same but they refused. Gibbons, appealed to the Supreme Court which overruled the decision and argued that the state did not have powers to override the federal laws. The Supreme Court quoted the third clause of the eighth section of article I of the United

STARTING A BUSINESS ONLINE PART 2 Research Paper

STARTING A BUSINESS ONLINE PART 2 - Research Paper Example Domain name In web marketing domain name is an asset. Usually the domain name should be relevant, catchy, stylish, fashionable and easy to remember. According to Ethics Newsline (2013) â€Å"The introduction of new top-level domain names — the ending letters in web addresses, such as .com and .org — is raising some unanticipated ethical issues, according to various press reports†¦Addresses such as .car, .toronto, or .apple will become available, reports the  Toronto Star, but at a price.† Web spoofing and cyber-squatting are unethical activities in e-commerce. Spoofing refers to creating domains similar to well-known brands or established corporate companies like valmart.com for wallmart.com. Cyber-squatting is registering domain name of a well-known company or brand with the purpose of misusing it or selling it to the concerned company at an exorbitant price. Firms may be forced to buy these domains simply to avoid e-commerce frauds. Though $1,000 for dom ain re-sale is attractive, the name was not registered with the intention of re-sale. The name was selected after carefully considering various factors to ensure its suitability to the business and it is expected to be beneficial for the growth and development of the business in the long run. Also, it is felt that resale of domain name amounts to selling the name to our competitor who finds it worth to buy at this price. Also, if the buyer is not likely to become our competitor, it is bought with some ulterior motive and the domain name could be misused that is unethical. So, there is no question of resale of domain. E-Commerce software The Internet has emerged as a global medium for communication that is used gainfully used for commerce by creating web-based applications. In e-commerce, catalog designing is important like physical display of products in a showroom. It should be imaginative to include online marketing tools like gift certificates and discounts apart from display of prices and special features. The possibilities of expanding the market potential are unlimited with a good blend of content, photography, association with popular themes with a proper mix of graphics, flash and background images in a website. Online shopping cart software should incorporate features for selection of product, price comparison, placement of order and change the products selected if necessary. In the case of shopping cart software, synchronizing price and quantity with accounting and stores is very important and lack of this facility in software impedes real time inventory control. Establishing a good system for incorporating returns and exchanges in software is also essential for ensuring smooth flow of business. Order processing includes single-order processing, batch processing or mail order processing. Providing reputed online payment gateway in shopping cart for secure, fast and reliable transactions on real time basis is essential. Achieving optimum processing ca pacity of the system is very important for enhancing user experience. Null and Lobur (2012, p. 40) stated â€Å"No matter how many processors are placed in a system, or how many resources are assigned to them, somehow, somewhere, a bottleneck is bound to develop. The best we can do to remedy this is to make sure that the slowest parts of the system are the ones that are used the least.† Web presence and increasing Website usability The important factors need to be focused in

Television analysis essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Television analysis - Essay Example The show turns values upside down and illustrates the American family as acting in ways that are completely opposite of what they preach and pretend to believe. Family Guy is a show that tells us that we are all dysfunctional and our world is not as we would like to believe. The setting of the show is in Quahog, Rhode Island, a not so subtle suburb of Providence. Here is the seat of the founding of America portrayed as a town where anything is possible and Peter Griffin can act out in ways that would lead to arrest anywhere else on earth. According to critic Ahsan Haque, "Some of the most offensive jokes ever attempted on Family Guy were featured in this season". Though Rhode Island is rich in American history, the only view of it that is offered to the viewer is the bar where Peter and his disturbing friends drink. The Griffins are shown to be the average American family, with three children and a dog. Peter is an Irish Catholic and supposedly hard working blue-collar type. However, we never see Peter working or engaging in anything productive. The show teaches the viewer that the white American working class is crass, mentally disturbed, and probably unemployed. This is no doubt founded in some truth, but Peter Griffin relishes in taking on one hair brained scheme after another, with little regard for the well-being, property, or life of others. If this were a sitcom involving a minority race or ethnicity, it would be picketed for stereotyping outside the cultural foul line. The demographics of the Griffins may be average, but the portrayal is certainly not. It is satirizing the cultural and religious values that the country was founded on. The fashion that Peter disregards the health and well-being of others is magnified by the shows treatment of women. Here again, the white American male is shown to be a rude and uncompromising misogynist. Peter constantly berates his wife Lois, as well as belittling

Examining roles and responsibilities Human Resources in BMW

Examining roles and responsibilities Human Resources in BMW Human resource management (HRM) is the function to meet the current and future resource challenges of the information society. In words of Taylor Human resource management is the range of people management functions, process and activities which involve more than one national context. It is the policies and practices involved in carrying out the people or human resource aspects of management position, including recruitment, screening, training, rewarding and appraisal. The concept of Human resource management in BMW cars is different as it concern with the change in perception of management and staff. They demand the intelligent graduated employees which can think differently and flexibly to change and compete with the other companies with their human resources. Human resource management includes that the people at work should think differently with innovation and creativity and with team work. HRM is the very important for the success of any firm in business because it places the ma nagement and the workforce with all the strategies. It not only makes the people at work but also maintains the relationships and culture among the staff. HRM has the applications at every level in the organisation and the proper role is to think before doing and the create mind set of workforce. HRM also solve the problems and conflicts between the managers and employees as they have to report everything to the HRM department in the organisation. INTRODUCTION OF HRM IN BMW BMW is the basically German company with vast experience in the field of cars and was introduced in 1981. This company spends more money on its human inputs to add value and also its complex contribution of human resources creates its competitive advantage. BMWs specialized staff which are able to offer superior quality of product and services in the market with the customer experience. Human resources plays important role in the BMW even in the time of recession as they have invest on the human inputs. But this depends on the financial condition and capabilities of the market as they had invested in training development and recruitment of the new management teams in their organisation. Earlier BMW was not giving importance to its customer services and its staff only focusing on its products and places for its expansion but later on they realise that human resources and their management is important for success in the market and competition. In BMW the goal of human resources is to c hange and improve their markets by using the new methods of production and materials and organise them into the excellent way of customer servicing. As always in BMW the goal of human resource management is to add more value and improve the ratio of cost in the added value of its car products. The main goal of HRM in BMW is to make people more productive and creative for the long term standing with them and when the management staff will be more productive then the jobs get more skilled. In recession also this company had constantly invested in the human resources and its development. HUMAN RESOURCE STRATEGIES IN BMW BMW is company which carries out very well planned strategies in its organisation. In this organisation the human resource strategy is applying to the whole organisation and BMW is improving its products and making a proper customer satisfaction by applying this strategy. This strategy is plays a very vital role in the BMW organisation and its employees. It helps them to innovate and create new products and services to their customers and making its products available and delivered in all areas where they are expanding their activities. Earlier BMW was making their products wrongly and not understanding the capabilities and needs of its customers as they were not giving importance to its human resources so after sometime they realise the exact meaning and importance of its resources so now they can focus more on markets and its customers. BMW is now making its organisation and its employees flexible so that they can change according to the technology and the needs of its customers in the market. Human resource strategies help them to take the proper care of people issue for the long term by providing best quality products and services, making long term commitments and needs for the future. The aim of BMW in this strategy is not to give them low cost products. Their main aim is to provide the high capable workforce and making its products unique in the competitive market. BMW is concerned with its managers and the staff to make them more innovative and developing their skills so that they can achieve a high task goals and objectives. The following are the Human resource strategies of BMW: Recruitment and Selection: The selection of the candidates is the first task and strategy of BMW. This is the most important element of the BMWs human resource management. In this they have to select the candidate who can match up the requirements of the job role. This includes the person who can identify the market conditions, attract customers to sell their products. The first process in this process is to analyse the role and then they develop the persons specification of that job satisfaction and then he going to identify the market condition to attract customers and then screening of applications. In screening of applications they short list the selected candidate whether to select or reject. After this they conduct interviews, assessments and tests of the candidate to decide select or reject. When candidate pass this interview then they check the references in the resume of the candidate and after above all they offer the person to work in the organisation. BMW is following a v ery good selection technique with their clear specifications and procedures in a long term. They judge the candidate according to the suitability of the role which provides them necessary benefits. Suitability of the role in the job includes the knowledge, skills, experience and personal attributes of the person which help him to perform according to the specifications of the job. All this process of selection and recruitment is properly planned in an organised way considering their future needs. Attracting the customers which is a part of selection process plays an important role as it does not include selling their products but also includes advertising the brand BMW in the newspapers, magazines, internet, television etc. and making awareness of the luxurious comforts and safety of the products of BMW. It includes the heavy expenditure in advertising the brand but they need to be more careful in spending on advertising anyways this strategy for marketing their employment. Screening: in this step of recruitment and selection of BMW human resource management the candidate have to fill the application form which shows the subjective quality of the person for the role and also helps in improving the quality of the process and increase the consistency. In application form the person has to fill up his bio data and other questions which show the difference of higher and low level of performers. Interviewing: Interviewing person who had applied for the role is very important otherwise they cant judge the mental and physical capabilities of the candidate. This process is conducted by the line managers of the BMW. In this interview they have long discussions, questions about the previous experience, favourites. This is the most commonly used technique in every multinational organisation which helps the interviewer to make a judgement about the candidate specialization for the job. They can judge whether the person can satisfy the job or not? The questions in this interview are properly listed to get specific information about a standard of judgement or criticism and the candidate get a score against the answers he had provided in this interview. Testing: Another process followed by the BMW human resource department is testing the ability and personality of the candidate. In the ability test they test or measure the aptitudes like knowledge, vocabulary, typing speed, awareness about the products and accuracy of the candidate. On the other hand are the personality tests which show the personal characteristics, attitude, behaviour and values of the candidate. In this they also test the individual beliefs and the capability that how they deal with problems in selling the products or their convincing and marketing power in the organisation. In this process of testing the candidates in BMW the ability tests are more consistent and free from errors than the personality tests. Checking References: After testing the candidate then the manager or the interviewer has to check the references of the educational qualifications, eligibility, work experience, licences and the special check on the criminal records and health problems. After checking the references they give the offer letter whether it conditional or unconditional. Training and Development Once candidate pass the above steps of recruitment and selection then he has to undergo from the training of the role offers to him. This training process is essential to improve the performance of the job which helps to develop their personal and professional characteristics of candidate. This training involves coaching and development of the professional skills which are more efficient and effective in learning and development of the individuals. The different types of training are informal training, on the job or off the job training, product and skills training, behavioural development and technical training. They give the training to their employees for how to develop different styles of learning, materials, design of the products, and also look after their personality types. In this training also involves use of heavy and expensive equipment and machines and provide stipend in between their training. This training on machines and equipment improves their performance of the job. BMW teach their employees the easy and small steps first and cover their health and security issues and make their employees proud to be a part of this organisation. In this training the line managers face the major challenges to develop the confidence, personality and skills to solve and find the solutions to the problems in the organisation. Managers want their trainees to be creative, innovative, productive and sufficient to operate at tactical and strategic level in the company. They trained them to seek the responsibilities of the task given to them and never be step back in any problems. After the trainee complete the process of his training and development of the specific role given to him then the line managers give them a pat on their back and recognise them for their successful completion so that they motivate in performing their tasks well on the job. In conclusion we can see that there is an increase in proportion for training at both individual and group level at a great value to the companies like BMW by means they can provide satisfaction to the customers about their products. Even the training also undertaken by BMW in the time of recession as they were pressed against by their competitors. The BMW group has opened a training academy near Reading with more than 30 workshops and 20 training rooms which recruit the skilled workers. BMW is planning to increase the number of workers to 2000 in their dealerships to increase their growth in the UK. BMW is training their trainee practically and theoretically by the Trainee Promotion Programme (TPP) and PC programmes with the benefits of pay like bonuses on Christmas, New Year etc. with free meals. They are providing the best training programmes with the best facilities to their trainees to make them more confident and motivate them to improve their performance of work. Performance Management In BMW the performance of the managers and staff is initially important to achieve the goals and objectives of the organisation. Performance management is the essential and organised process that carries the success and helps in developing the capabilities and performance of the individual or work team. The strategy of human resource management is to develop the managers or leaders in the organisation who can help their employees or subordinates to make their performance effective and efficient. The managers are the only ones who can manage the performance of the workers by understanding and knowing what the employees expect from them and engage them in each and every activity and ask them for feedback which can improve their quality of performance in the organisation. The BWM human resource management is working more on this performance by enhancing them to learn their goals and objectives and they recognise that there is a greater need for the management to apply these performance tools in the company through which they can develop their reviews, skills and framework. In this management the employees are sharing their views and ideas with their leaders and managers so that they can find better ways measuring and improving the performance. The performance management of the BMW shows that how BMW is working its functions effectively in the environment. The performance of this company shows how they are executing their plans, goals, objectives and what will be the outcome of their performance? The purpose of the BMW management team is to achieve the better results by managing the performance and maintain the standards of performance of their work team. The main goal of the line managers is to create or develop a relationship or culture between them and their workforce to seek the responsibility for the consistent improvement in the performance and skills of their business procedures and processes. There are certain principles which BMW follows in performance man agement i.e. line manager transfer their corporate goals in into their human resource department at individual and group level, clarifying the goals to their workers, understanding and sharing the problems and finding solution to improve the performance, continuous feedback, encourage their subordinates for open and honest communication, mutual respect and transparency between them. These all basic principles implemented properly by this company HR team and it surely helps them in improving their performance management. In this we can conclude that performance management is to support by the managers to their workforce to improve their performance, skills, knowledge and experience while doing their job. Employee Relations: In modern times relation with employees is essentially important and as a part of human resource strategy. Involvement and participation of both employee and managers in the organisation shows how strong is the relation between them and the difficulty of maintaining this relation for long time. In BMW the managers are constantly involving with their employees in several practices which directly improve their relations and performance in the organisation. The main task of managers is to maintain the employee relations so they can generate more commitments for their work and contribute to their operation effectively. The manager of the BMW focuses mainly on the engagements and commitments of their workers to maintain their employee relations. There are many benefits which BMW provides to its employees when they join the company like medical insurances, annual bonuses, dental and vision insurance, holiday pay, vacation pay, life term insurances which include accidental and death insuran ce, medical expenses, disability insurance according to long and short term which will be fully paid, personal day pay, sick leave, free education training and development. These all benefits which BMW provides to its employees play a crucial role in maintaining the relation with employees. These benefits also help the organisation to improve the performance and contribution of employees in the production of work. The chief executives of BMW are rising the salary and bonuses of their staff twice to the workers working in other companies. BMW is the only major and first company who had make the bonuses of assembly workers same as of the top managers in the organisation. BMW is showing a great contribution to improve the relations with the employees so that they work with dedication and hard work which increases the sales and production of the company. The spokesman of BMW in his interview said that they are creating transparent and regular relations with their employees so that there should be no gap between the managers and workers. They are giving bonuses to the superiors and subordinates depend on the companys profit, sales and performance of each employee. BMW is also sharing profits with their line and top managers which is good in business to deal at the time of recession. During the time of recession the profit sharing motivates and encourages worker which is a good way for the BMW to make their workers employed. There are certain factors which BMW has adopted to improve its relation with employees: Downward communication: The first factor that maintains the employee relation is the downward communication from managers to its subordinates. In this the managers should educate and trained their staff towards their role in the organisation which shows leadership in which employee has to follow his manager for executing the tasks and responsibilities. Upward problem solving and finding solution: Another factor for improving the relations is not only from managers to subordinates. It also from subordinates to its superiors in which the subordinates participate in the decision making process and support its managers in solving the problems by creating new ideas, opinions and find solution instantly. This motivates them to maintain cooperative relations by different suggestions, schemes and surveys etc. Task Participation: another category of improving the relations of employees with their managers is the participation and involvement of both of them in task or responsibility given to them. This also involves the job redesign in which they have to extend the task undertaken in work. This task participation involves financial, consultation and representative participation and involvement. Manager and employee are expected to play an important role in the development and maintenance of the tasks in the job. They need to follow the new techniques and strategies to complete and achieve their goals, objectives and tasks of the organisation and share the commitment between them. PERSONAL MANAGEMENT: Another important strategy of human resource management in BMW is the personal management. BMW HRM staff is managing the employees in achieving the goals and objectives. In this personal management system the managers manages the education, qualification, training and experience of the employees. This is the process of directing the employees in achieving the long term and short term goals make them flexible enough to deal with any changes in the situation with intelligence and open frame of mind. Personal management includes the following Team Building: team building also an important task in personal management system in the organisation. The managers have to build the teams according to the experience and qualification of the workforce. The manager has to maintain the understanding between the team and give them edge in the corporate staff. Effective Meetings: this effective meeting means that the managers have to conduct the interview for the staff and the committee in which they have to focuses on the agenda of meetings, goals and objectives to achieve to be planned and prepared. Discussions and participations of the right people involved in these meetings. While arranging these meetings the personal management has to decide the time, place and venue of conducting these meetings. Time management: the time management is the most essential point of the personal management. They have to manage the time to prepare and plan to complete their tasks and responsibilities to achieve the goals of the organisations. They have to maintain a balance between their personal and professional lives. Decision Making: decision making in the management helps to solve the problems to reach their goals and objectives and provide them alternatives for executing their plans. In this managers gives right to their subordinates to participate in decision making process and support their superiors which helps in maintaining the understanding and cooperation between them. EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING BMW human resource team make up the mind of the individuals to make their decisions effective. The effective decision making is dependent upon the HR team performance. The team performance shows the quality of decisions taken to make the products and services better and new which makes the customers attract to buy their products. Now days the faculty members in the BMW is helping the new fresher and graduates to make right decisions by improving their capabilities and confidence while working in the organisation. Decisions can be small scale or on large scale. Both types of decisions are taken in BMW and by the human resource management team as it is the most important part of their strategies and they have to mainly consider the quality of decisions. The small scale decisions are mainly on the location, time and venue of the next meeting which involves resources such as time and energy. The large scale decisions also involves lot of time and energy but decision may be on the designi ng a project and deciding the alternatives. These decisions are decided by the HR team in BMW which can make the decision effective and efficient for the success of the organisation. The HR team in this organisation consider the three main important things which help them to make their decisions effective and correct. Firstly, they have to consider the environment for taking the decisions. In this they have to see the communication between the managers and the working team so that they can improve the quality and remove the conflicts between them. Secondly, is the method or ways of decision making by SWOT analysis and the last is the tools which BMW is using for the effective decision making. Recommendations In terms of strengths and opportunities in the way of BMW instead of this there are also weaknesses and threats which the company has to overcome with the performance of the HRM team. As we know that BMW is having competition in the market so they should not make the prices of their products so high. They should decrease the prices of their products and services otherwise their sales will slow down in the market. As we know that there is economic recession, increase in the price of fuel, globalization of markets and more automobiles companies are expanding in this period so it will be problem for the BMW if they increase their prices and customer will look for the other competitive alternative in the market which will slow down the business sales and performance of the employees. The management team should take some effective decisions considering all the threats and weaknesses mind. The BMW should design new products keeping in mind the pollution. Now days the customers are becoming more aware and knowledgeable about the products so the HR team should develop some strategies to deal with it and should make sure that customer should not loose any interest in buying their products.

The Unjustified War in Iraq Essay -- Politics Political Essays

The Unjustified War in Iraq History has many times been tainted with the blood of war. Lives have been lost, homes have been destroyed, and families have been torn apart. Once again, our nation is about to witness a terror that no one can really comprehend. We are on the threshold of an unjustifiable war. The United States should refrain from war with Iraq because of the lack of concrete evidence in regards to weapons of mass destruction. Instead, they should be working towards peace. Following September 11, Bush claimed Iraq to be connected with Al Qaeda in Prague or Kurdistan (Alter 29). This was played up even though the CIA and FBI determined that "evidence is fragmentary and inconclusive and that the administration is exaggerating information to make a political case for war." (Heuvel) Later, the Bush Administration stated that Iraq possessed terrible weapons of mass destruction. Secretary of State Colin Powell was sent to the United Nations, to make the Bush administration's case for preemptive war against Iraq. His case presented several accusations but very little new information or proof that weapons of mass destruction are actually present in Iraq. "Nearly all of his evidence was largely circumstantial or speculative"(Heuvel). Not only will this war take the lives of a nation where over 50% of the population is children under the age of 15, but it will also endanger our own troops because of inexcusable negligence by our government. The pentagon was finally forced to admit, last October, that 250,000 faulty battle-dress over garments (BDO) suits have been lost among 800,000 usable BDO suits, and they are unable to determine which are the damaged suits. With the type of chemical warfare our soldie... ...st option but as a distant final option. "Let us declare peace a civil right in a democracy, and a human right in this world." (Kucinich) Works Cited Alter, Jonathan. " 'Trust Me' Isn't Good Enough." Newsweek 3 Feb. 2003: 29. Byrd, Robert. Senate Floor Speech. U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C. 12 Feb. 2003. Dickey, Christopher. "Perils of Victory." Newsweek 3 Feb. 2003: 30-32. Heuvel, Katrina Vanden. "Powell Fails to Make Case." The Nation. 6 Feb. 2003. 10 Feb. 2003 <http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml> Kucinich, Dennis. Peace as a Civil Right. Martin Luther King Day Celebration. Ministerial Alliance. Lakewood Presbyterian Church, Lakewood, OH. 19 Jan. 2003. Wolfe, Richard and Hirsh, Michael. "War and Consequences." Newsweek 3 Feb. 2003: 22-28. Zakaria, Fareed. "Looking on the Bright Side." Newsweek 3 Feb. 2003: 33

The Life of Louis D. Brandeis

APUSH, Period 5 Louis D. Brandeis Louis D. Brandeis was a lawyer widely known for his contribution to the progressive movement especially his involvement in the fight against big corporations, monopolies, big trusts etc. Brandies was born into a Jewish family to who resided in Louisville Kentucky. They raised him with relaxed Judaic principles, which did not affect his outlook on life too strongly. Brandeis enrolled to Harvard Law School graduating with the highest final average in the school’s history. His law career began in Boston as a law clerk to Horace Gray of the Massachusetts Supreme Court.To which he did not have to take an examination mainly due to his high honors. President Woodrow Wilson ultimately appointed Brandeis an associate of justice. Louis D. Brandeis was known as the people’s lawyer because of his successful law career that supported the general idea of the average American. Brandeis’ law career was mostly based on his positive view towards t he progressive era/ movement; he was a strong advocate on natural rights and freedom of speech, Brandeis supported the union movement, women’s rights, and the fight for a minimum wage.Brandeis was in favor of small business and set out to bust the big companies from being monopolies. One of his biggest busts against monopolies was the fight against JP Morgan and his desire for a railroad monopoly in New England. His plan was to eliminate the opposing companies by buying them out. Brandeis would pursue this case for 6 years and the company would ultimately collapse on itself as he predicted. Brandeis did not agree with how life insurance was being treated so he set out to create a new plan for it. He said that the previous insurance plan was just â€Å"legalized robbery†.He created the Savings Bank Life Insurance policy, which we can thank him for even today. This is insurance provided by savings banks presumably making it better for the applicant. He said â€Å"cheape r insurance may rob death of half of its terrors for the worthy poor†. Brandeis was in support of the idea of minimum wage on a national level rather than a state level. He believed that the worker should be guaranteed a minimum pay and hours just like the unions wanted. The case Muller v. Oregon involved the issue of state v. ederal law in regards to the issue of minimum wage and hours of women. Brandeis fought for the idea of it being on a national level to ensure that all workers were treated equally. He succeeded by presenting his idea with a shorter more traditional brief, but with large factual support in documents such as social worker reports, medical conclusions, factory inspector observations, and other expert testimonials to prove his ultimate point that a certain amount of time was harmful for the given worker and that if this were a possibility a higher wage must be presnted.This tactic is called the Brandeis Brief and it is still used in court cases today; it com pletely changed the way lawyers display their edvidence. Brandeis was a big leader in supporting the progressive era and the reforms that went along with it. Some things we can thank him for are the legalization of unions or the right of labor to organize, and the Savings Bank Insurance League. He was overall a big supporter of small corporations rather than large as he set out to bust monopolies including JP Morgan and his quest for the New England railroads.

Free Essays on Malay

Beliefs and practices Islam Most of the Malays nowadays believe in Islam. Islam has long since set foot in the Malay society, since the Malay Melaka Empire. That’s why Islam is a religion many Malays belief in. Even though the Malay society is rich with traditions and culture, it is still strong from the influence of Islam. Although most of the traditions originated before they belief in Islam, they shall not do anything that Islam forbids. That’s why some of the culture that is strong on animism fades slowly as Islam takes over. Majority of the Malays nowadays belief in Islam and the government has form a governing Islamic body so that some people would not be a lost and follow the wrong Islamic teachings. The teaching of Islam contains pillars and goals that are needed to be fulfilled in life. That is why the Malaysian government is endorsing Islam as it is seen as a proper and the correct way of life. With that Islam enables the Malay society to be one. Animism Animism is a Latin word that means the belief in spirits in an inanimate object. These spirits has the ability to scare off people. The Malays believe in animism before the introduction of Islam. This belief occurred when the Malay society a long time ago, lived in areas where nature greatly affected their lives. With that, they believed that something is controlling them and had to contribute sacrifices to make sure the beings would not disturb them. They belief that these beings can make people sick and make them die. The beings most feared by the Malay society at that time is called the hantu which also means ghosts. The hantu originates from the spirit of the dead who is punished because of its evil deeds during its life. The spirit finally becomes hantu when it is brought back to life on earth. Although animism is still practiced by only a few Malays, this belief is being destroyed. It is because teachings of animism is against Islamic rules and is forbidden... Free Essays on Malay Free Essays on Malay Beliefs and practices Islam Most of the Malays nowadays believe in Islam. Islam has long since set foot in the Malay society, since the Malay Melaka Empire. That’s why Islam is a religion many Malays belief in. Even though the Malay society is rich with traditions and culture, it is still strong from the influence of Islam. Although most of the traditions originated before they belief in Islam, they shall not do anything that Islam forbids. That’s why some of the culture that is strong on animism fades slowly as Islam takes over. Majority of the Malays nowadays belief in Islam and the government has form a governing Islamic body so that some people would not be a lost and follow the wrong Islamic teachings. The teaching of Islam contains pillars and goals that are needed to be fulfilled in life. That is why the Malaysian government is endorsing Islam as it is seen as a proper and the correct way of life. With that Islam enables the Malay society to be one. Animism Animism is a Latin word that means the belief in spirits in an inanimate object. These spirits has the ability to scare off people. The Malays believe in animism before the introduction of Islam. This belief occurred when the Malay society a long time ago, lived in areas where nature greatly affected their lives. With that, they believed that something is controlling them and had to contribute sacrifices to make sure the beings would not disturb them. They belief that these beings can make people sick and make them die. The beings most feared by the Malay society at that time is called the hantu which also means ghosts. The hantu originates from the spirit of the dead who is punished because of its evil deeds during its life. The spirit finally becomes hantu when it is brought back to life on earth. Although animism is still practiced by only a few Malays, this belief is being destroyed. It is because teachings of animism is against Islamic rules and is forbidden...

Sports and Religion

Sports and Religion Religion is an efficacious element of society since it forms a basis for various systems of meaning, that are of great assistance to people in handling the reality of ultimate issues and questions. These systems of meaning are informative on ideas that concern movement, the body, physical activities, and sports. They also inform on people’s thoughts about the world, and influence social relationships and social life organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sports and Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Religion helps individuals to justify and define the relationship they have with God, or gods (Stark, 1999 cited in Coakley, 2004, p. 528). There are so many confusing and contradicting discussions regarding sports. Various similarities and differences have been pointed out by various scholars. This paper aims at giving insight into these similarities and differences, as well as on how Overman’ s seven key virtues have been reflected in modern sports. Similarities Sports are considered to be a new form of religion. This is attributed to the stronger and more relevant forms of religious beliefs and meanings that are apparent in sports. Both sports and religion share several characteristics as indicated by Hoffman (1992). One, sports and religion have their communal gatherings and special events held in structured places and/or buildings. These buildings are adorned with relevant decorations and statues that relate to the event. Secondly, both disciplines are controlled by structured forms of authority, that are hierarchical in nature, and which ensure that all events or activities going on in these places are carried out in a dignified manner. Thirdly, sports and religion have the same quest, to get perfection of the mind, body and soul. In both disciplines, one’s physical discipline is required if good results such as excellent performance in sports, and spiritual p urification in religion are to be achieved. A lot of commitment and preparation to ensure personal betterment are apparent in both. This includes practices and time-outs in sports, and retreats and prayers in religion. These elements leading to personal development are very essential in as far as obtaining perfection and satisfaction of the body, mind and soul, seen through substantial achievement and success, is concerned. Fourthly, both religion and sports are unifying factors. Religion brings people of different races, nationalities and statuses together with the common goal of worshipping a common Deity. Sports are also seen to unify people with different cultural backgrounds, in support of a particular team.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another similarity is that there are historic heroes and legends involved in both disciplines. In sports, heroes are elected to halls of fame. Religious heroes are also elected to high statures like sainthood. Stories on these heroes transcend generations where sports’ heroic stories are propagated through newspapers, or told over and over again by the sports’ coaches, journalists, and/or fans. Stories on religious heroes are also narrated over and over again by religious followers, writers, and religious ministers (Coakley, 2004, p. 530-533). Differences There are also differences involved between sports and religion. To start with, human actions in religion are based on beliefs, events, meanings and rituals that are mystical and based on sacred and supernatural realms whereas the beliefs, meanings, events and rituals defining human action in sports are distinct and not governed by divine nature. Whereas religion is supernatural, sports are not because they make use of concrete and tangible events, which are not grounded in supernatural beings. In addition, spiritual goals are evident in re ligion whereas in sports, material goals are sought. Secondly, religion relies on faith while sports are basically rooted in distinct, clear-cut rules and relationships. In religion, one’s faith is what determines his/her commitment and attachment to religion. In sports on the other hand, the ability to abide by the rules and liaise well with other players governs the commitment and success to be achieved. There is a lot of cooperation in religion because all the followers seek a common goal, which is spiritual nourishment and is not associated with any form of material reward. Sports on the other hand entail competition between opponents, in search for material reward. It is therefore apparent that, in sports, athletes seek success grounded in human nature, whereas the success derived in religion is grounded in divine inspiration. Overman’s Seven Key Virtues and how they are reflected in Modern Sports Overman has argued that the seven virtues based on Protestant ethic are related to the entire organization or spirit that defines sports. One of the key values as indicated by Overman is worldly asceticism. Based on a religious standpoint, this entails enduring pain and suffering with the goal of getting spiritual reward. For example, in order for one to have goodness within their selves, self-denial and disdain for self-indulgence has got to be achieved. In comparison to religion, one has got to work very hard, and have diligence in order to win in any game/sport (Bryant McElroy, 1997, p. 55).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sports and Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rationalization is a second virtue as indicated by Overman in relation to Protestant ethic. Based on this virtue, the world is rationally organized and it is possible to discover religious truth through human reason. This virtue is measured in terms of concrete success. In the same way that religion seeks o rganization in order to achieve success, modern sports rely on rational organization of players in the field in order to realize success. Another virtue is goal directedness. Goal directedness is related to a focus on salvation from a religious point of view. In the light of salvation, human action is judged by its results, where an action is deemed good if it yields to substantial achievement. Worthless or evil action does not bring about success. This is reflected in modern sports by the mere fact that prudent actions are associated with success, while untactful ones are associated with failure. Salvation is one’s own individual initiative, responsibility and choice. An individual’s conscience plays a very important role in determining one’s virtue, and their personal relationship with God/Christ. In modern sports, the reflection of this third virtue of individualism is reflected through one’s own initiative to become part of a certain team, and powerfu lly working towards ensuring its success. In religion, success is attributed to goodness and salvation; while on the other hand, failure is attributed to sin and damnation. The status that one achieves whether in religion or modern sports is determined by one’s input. With this notion in mind therefore, it only means that worldly success is basically not a sign that one is predestinated to be saved, rather it is a mere means of earning salvation. In modern sports, one’s input determines the outcome, as seen in religion. Work, is a vocation and is seen to be a calling from God. The virtue behind work is working very hard, and building on God’s given potential. Sports are synonymous to work and therefore, require a lot of hard work and sacrifice since they are a calling from God, and require athletes to be the mighty best despite the fact that they may entail domination over other athletes. Time is a valuable asset with a moral quality. It should not be wasted bec ause moral judgment depends on one’s prudence and efficiency in utilizing time (Overman, 1997). As seen in modern sports, time is very essential factor. Each second on the playfield means a lot to the players because; time is a governing factor in any sports competition. It is obvious that sports and religion are important elements of people’s culture in different parts of the world including America. This paper has explicitly discussed these two disciplines, showing how they relate to and differ from each other. It is obvious that the similarities between the two are more than the differences, indicating that the relationship between sports and religion is significant.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Bryant, J. E., McElroy, M. (1997). Sociological Dynamics of Sport and Exercise. Englewood, CO: Morton Publishing Company. Coakley, J. (2004). Sports in Society: Issues and Controversy. 8th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill. Hoffman, S. J. (1992). Sport and Religion. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Overman, S. J. (1997). The Influence of the Protestant Ethic on Sport and Recreation. Brookfield, VT: Avebury.

Business Process Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Process Outsourcing - Essay Example One I take this opportunity first of all to commend you for the good job you are doing in the senate as our representative. Secondly, I wish to draw your attention to an important subject that is of core concern to your people – the issue of outsourcing. Outsourcing basically involves contracting out non-core business functions to a provider external to an organization. In other words, when two organizations enter into an outsourcing agreement, one agrees to exchange a certain service or set of services for payment by the other. Outsourcing is also commonly known as offshoring, strategic outsourcing and off shore outsourcing. Outsourcing has become a major practice in many a developed country, thanks to the recent developments in online technologies. Through such technologies, people across the world have built profitable and sustainable businesses that are may be managed from virtually any location in the world. As a matter of fact, many small businesses have grown and thrive on legitimate online activities and to the benefit of larger organizations domiciled hundreds or even thousands of miles away. Advantages and Disadvantages of outsourcing There are a number of reasons why organizations choose to outsource some of their services. Some of the main reasons include saving of costs according to Gamerman (15). Costs are saved when the outsourcing organization enjoys benefits such as reprising, cost restructuring and through labor arbitrage.

Hittites History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hittites History - Essay Example The Indo-European-speaking Hittites probably began arriving peacefully in northwestern Anatolia from the Balkans about 2500 B.C., traveling from the Kurgan pit-grave culture of the Eurasian steppe. They settled in northwestern Anatolia, across the west and south of the peninsula about 2300 B.C., although many more may have immigrated from the south over the next three centuries. A northeastern route, through the Caucasus has also been suggested, but that seems linguistically and archaeologically less likely. In any event, when Assyrian traders reached central Anatolia around 1900 B.C., they found an Indo-European-speaking people firmly established, who had harmoniously integrated with the indigenous Hattian population of the local city-states. By 1650, the ruler Hattusilis I founded the Hittite Kingdom when he established the capital of Hattusas. The ensuing two centuries constitute the period known as the Hittite Empire's Old Kingdom. Hattusilis recognized that controlling trade routes and metal sources were fundamental to the early empire's prosperity, and he and his successor, Mursilis, began tracing the commercial route running along the Euphrates to northern Syria. Hattusilis failed to subjugate the northern end of the Euphrates from Aleppo, but Mursilis not only conquered Aleppo, he rashly advanced on Babylon, which he captured in 1595 B.C. Holding the city proved untenable, and when Mursilis returned to Hattusas, he was assassinated. The Hittite kingdom was rocked by a period of instability, known as the Middle Kingdom, lasting for a 70-year period from 1500-1430 B.C. Yet the seeds for the Hittites' emerging cultural prosperity and military dominance had been sewn. Hattusili's early and original contribution in legal thought, one that lays the groundwork for a crude form of democratic government, was the "pankus." The pankus was a council of nobles. It was not a popularly elected legislative body, however, but did serve as a check and balance to the actions of the king. The pankus was officially charged to "advise" the king, but its powers could extend so far as to execute the Hittite leader if he overstepped his moral authority. It's also clear, during Hattusili's reign, that the movement and trade of metals was a stimulus to the Hittite economy. Assyrian merchants had traditionally ventured into Anatolia in search of tin, silver, and gold, commodities that were essential to the outside world. But there were other valuable commodities as well, and Hittite miners and metal workers were intent on exploring them (James D. Muhly, Mining and Metalwork in Ancient Western Asia, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson et al., New York: Scribner, 1995). Among merchant colonies and urban communities, the Hittites began acquiring a reputation as a people skilled in metallurgy. They were also recognized as fierce warriors, and the products their craftsmen forged - particularly in the area of weaponry - reflected their kings' strong imperialistic ambitions. Fortified double-walls with deep gorges between them made Hattusas impenetrable to invaders, and it was in the capital city that modern blast furnaces were